Detail of President-elect Andrew Jackson on his way to Washington, D.C., to be inaugurated in NEXT During his presidency, Andrew Jackson makes political and economic decisions that strongly affect the nation. The Age of Jackson, 1824–1840

NEXT SECTION 2 SECTION 1 Politics of the People SECTION 3 Conflicts over States’ Rights Jackson’s Policy Toward Native Americans SECTION 4 Prosperity and Panic The Age of Jackson, 1824–1840

NEXT Section 1 Politics of the People Andrew Jackson’s election to the presidency in 1828 brings a new era of popular democracy.

The Election of 1824 NEXT Democratic-Republican party has four presidential candidates: -John Quincy Adams has New England’s support -William Crawford has South’s support -Henry Clay, Andrew Jackson both have the West’s support 1 SECTION Jackson wins popular votes, fails to get majority of electoral votes Politics of the People House of Representatives chooses Adams Image

Jacksonian Democracy NEXT 1 SECTION Andrew Jackson feels 1824 election has been stolen from him Split eventually creates 2 parties: -Democrats grow out of Jackson’s supporters -National Republicans grow from Adams’s supporters Aims to win next election, helps to split Democratic-Republican party Continued...

NEXT 1 SECTION Jackson backs interests of common people, supports majority rule Voting rights partially expanded under Thomas Jefferson’s presidency Jacksonian democracy—political power for all people, majority rule Helps Jackson win election, hailed as triumph for common people Continued Jacksonian Democracy Chart

The People’s President NEXT 1 SECTION Andrew Jackson, first president not from aristocratic background After war, becomes lawyer, hero in War of 1812 Grows up on frontier farm, fights in Revolutionary War, taken prisoner Image

Jackson Takes Office NEXT 1 SECTION Andrew Jackson’s wife, Rachel, dies soon after he wins presidency Inauguration ceremony attracts people from all levels of society Jackson blames death on campaign attacks on wife’s reputation Crowd grows rowdy, forces Jackson to flee White House

A New Political Era Begins NEXT 1 SECTION Andrew Jackson replaces many government officials with his supporters Opponents charge that spoils system corrupts Giving government jobs to political backers— spoils system Jackson defends system, breaks up one group’s hold on government

NEXT During Jackson’s presidency, Native Americans were forced to move west of the Mississippi River. Section 2 Jackson’s Policy Toward Native Americans

Native Americans in the Southeast NEXT 2 SECTION In early 1800s, many Native Americans remain east Others want Native Americans to move out Some whites hope Native Americans can adapt to their way of life Jackson’s Policy Toward Native Americans Five Civilized Tribes: Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, Seminole: -called civilized because they have adopted some white culture Tribes hold large areas of land

The Cherokee Nation NEXT 2 SECTION Cherokee adopt white customs more than any other Southeastern tribe Draw up constitution based on U.S. Constitution, found Cherokee Nation Cherokee Sequoya invents Cherokee writing system Own farms, cattle ranches, acquire written language Gold is discovered on their lands, many whites demand Cherokee move

Jackson’s Removal Policy NEXT 2 SECTION Andrew Jackson wants to move Native Americans west of Mississippi Jackson believes Native Americans have one of two choices: -adopt white culture, become U.S. citizens -move into Western territories As a result, U.S. government gains large amounts of land As Indian treaty commissioner, he makes treaties with southeast tribes Continued...

NEXT 2 SECTION Gold found in Georgia, Southern states give whites right to Cherokee land Cherokee protest, President Andrew Jackson supports states Congress passes Indian Removal Act (1830) which: -requires Native Americans to relocate west Policy forever changes relations between whites, Native Americans Continued Jackson’s Removal Policy Chart

NEXT 2 SECTION Whites invade Native American homelands Indian Territory—what is now Oklahoma, parts of Kansas, Nebraska Treaties require tribes to move to Indian Territory Many Native Americans feel they have no choice but to sign treaties The Trail of Tears Interactive Continued...

NEXT 2 SECTION Beginning in 1831, Southeast tribes relocate to Indian Territory U.S. troops force Cherokee to march west, fall, winter of 1838–1839 Court upholds appeal, Andrew Jackson ignores it Cherokee appeal decision to U.S. Supreme Court, to protect land Without adequate clothing, one-fourth of Cherokees die Harsh journey of the Cherokee, known as the Trail of Tears Continued The Trail of Tears Image

NEXT 2 SECTION Soldiers round up Cherokee named Tsali, his family Agrees to surrender if Cherokee allowed to remain on their land Tsali, family flee to North Carolina, meet other Cherokees On way to stockade, they fight, soldier killed Surrenders, he, sons (except youngest) shot, some Cherokee remain Native American Resistance Continued...

NEXT 2 SECTION Seminole refuse to leave Florida (1835), leads to Second Seminole War Some Seminole continue to fight in the Everglades, others move west Osceola is tricked into capture, dies in prison Seminole leader Osceola, followers use surprise attacks on U.S. army Sauk chief Black Hawk leads Sauk, Fox back to their lands in Illinois During the Black Hawk War, U.S. troops crush Black Hawk’s uprising Continued Native American Resistance Image

NEXT Jackson struggles to keep Southern states from breaking away from the Union over the issue of tariffs. Section 3 Conflicts over States’ Rights

Rising Sectional Differences NEXT In 1829, U.S. pulled apart by conflicts among its three main sections: -the Northeast -the South -the West 3 SECTION Northeasterners do not want public land in West sold at low prices Cheap land attracts workers needed in Northeast factories Conflicts over States’ Rights Westerners want cheap land in the West to attract settlers Continued...

NEXT 3 SECTION Northeast, West back internal improvement such as roads, canals South opposes internal improvement funded by tariffs on imports Aids transportation of food, raw materials, manufactured goods Northeast supports tariffs, encourages purchase of domestic products South opposes tariffs, economy depends on foreign trade Continued Rising Sectional Differences Image

Tariff of Abominations NEXT 3 SECTION At end of John Quincy Adams’s presidency, Congress passes tariff bill Angered by tariff bill, southerners call it Tariff of Abominations Significantly raises tariffs on raw materials, manufactured goods Southerners claim Northeast interests control government policies

Crisis over Nullification NEXT 3 SECTION Vice-president John C. Calhoun creates doctrine of nullification: -state has right to reject federal law it considers unconstitutional -any state can nullify (reject) a federal law within its borders -Congress has no right to pass tariff favoring one area of nation Calhoun hopes doctrine will stop South Carolina from leaving the Union Doctrine gives South Carolina the right to nullify the tariff

The States’ Right Debate NEXT 3 SECTION Senate debates doctrine of nullification, Webster-Hayne debate (1830) President Andrew Jackson opposes nullification Senator Daniel Webster, Massachusetts, opposes nullification: -the people not the states make the Union Senator Robert Y. Hayne, South Carolina, supports nullification: -gives states a lawful way to defend their freedom Image

NEXT 3 SECTION Congress reduces tariff (1832), Southerners not satisfied Andrew Jackson says he will enforce federal laws South Carolina threatens secession— withdrawal from the Union Congress passes compromise tariff (1833), South Carolina stays in Union South Carolina Threatens to Secede

NEXT Section 4 Prosperity and Panic Jackson’s policies caused the economy to collapse after he left office and affected the next election.

Mr. Biddle’s Bank NEXT The Second Bank of the United States, most powerful bank in country 4 SECTION Policies of Bank’s president, Nicholas Biddle, controls nation’s money Prosperity and Panic Andrew Jackson thinks bank has too much power, favors the wealthy In 1832, Biddle asks Congress to renew the bank’s charter

Jackson’s War on the Bank NEXT 4 SECTION Andrew Jackson vetoes renewal of bank’s charter In his second term, Jackson sets out to destroy the bank Claims bank is unconstitutional, a monopoly that favors the few Biddle fights back, makes it harder for people to borrow money Has government funds deposited in state banks Image Bank goes out of business, economy suffers

Prosperity Becomes Panic NEXT 4 SECTION People take out loans, banks issue too much paper money Causes inflation—an increase in prices and decrease in money value Makes each dollar worth less, prices rise Jackson leaves office, nation has a false prosperity Continued...

NEXT 4 SECTION Next president, Martin Van Buren, takes office, economic panic spreads People demand gold, silver in exchange for paper money, banks run out Fear about economy known as Panic of 1837 Continued Prosperity Becomes Panic Banks default, severe economic slump, or depression, follows 90 percent of factories in East close, people go hungry

The Rise of the Whig Party NEXT 4 SECTION Senators Henry Clay, Daniel Webster want government to help economy At next election, Van Buren faces new political party, the Whig Party Martin Van Buren disagrees, economy will improve if left alone Choose William Henry Harrison to run for president Whigs oppose concentration of power in the president Choose John Tyler to run for vice-president

The Election of 1840 NEXT 4 SECTION William Henry Harrison appeals to common people, wins 1840 election First president to die in office Dies one month after being inaugurated Vice-president John Tyler becomes president

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