1. Ch.12 Notes Student Assistance

2. Ch.12 The Age of Jackson 1824-1840 The Age of Jackson was a time where many Supreme Court cases promoted national unity and the federal government. – What does national unity mean? – How could a court case promote national unity? – How could a court case promote the federal government? Look up each Supreme Court Case in this unit (Ch.12-14) and explain the main idea. McCulloch V. Maryland Gibbons V. Ogden Dartmouth College V. Woodward Fletcher V. Peck = Importance of Contracts

3. Ch.12 The Age of Jackson 1824- 1840 During his Presidency, Andrew Jackson makes political and economic decisions that strongly affect the nation.

4. Ch.12.1 Academic Vocabulary John Quincy Adams Andrew Jackson Sixth president of the United States Military hero and seventh president

5. Ch.12.1 Academic Vocabulary Jacksonian democracy spoils system Political philosophy that puts its faith in the common people The practice of giving government jobs to political supporters

6. Ch.12.2 Academic Vocabulary Sequoya Indian Removal Act Indian Territory A Cherokee who invented a writing system of 86 characters for the Cherokee Nation Law that required Native Americans to move west Area that is now Oklahoma and parts of Kansas and Nebraska to which Native Americans were moved

7. Ch.12.2 Academic Vocabulary Trail of Tears Osceola Route the Cherokees were forced to travel from Georgia to Indian Territory Seminole who was an important leader in Second Seminole War

8. Ch.12.3 Academic Vocabulary “Tariff of Abominations” John C. Calhoun doctrine of nullification The tariff of 1828 – raised tariffs on imported raw materials and manufactured goods. Southerners thought economic interests of the North were determining the nation’s economic policy. See how tariff’s work on p. 380 Vice-president and congressional leader from South Carolina ISSUE OF STATES RIGHTS - The belief that states could ignore federal laws that they did not like

9. Ch.12.3 Academic Vocabulary Webster-Hayne debate Daniel Webster secession Debate between Senators Daniel Webster and Robert Hayne over the doctrine of nullification A Senate leader from Massachusetts. HE argued that people not states made the Union. Withdrawal from the Union

10. Ch.12.4 Academic Vocabulary inflation Martin Van Buren An increase in prices and a decrease in the value of money Eighth president – Democrat – First president born in the United States. Chosen because he was Jackson’s V.P. President during Panic of 1837

11. Ch.12.4 Academic Vocabulary Panic of 1837 depression Widespread concern about the state of the economy in 1837 – People took paper money to banks and wanted to exchange for gold/silver. – Banks ran out A severe economic slump – When people do not have money manufacturers do not have customers. – Factories closed, more people became out of work, economic slump worsens. – People went hungry and lived in shelters. – Farmers hurt less because they could grow their own food.

12. Ch.12.4 Academic Vocabulary Whig Party Party formed by opponents of President Jackson – Concerned with promoting internal improvements, such as roads, canals, railroads, deepening of rivers, etc. – Came from Whigamores – radicals who wanted to keep the king of England in check. Referenced opponents of Jackson wanting to keep him in check and not act like a King. As Jackson was the first president to see the “veto” as a right not a method of outlawing unconstitutional laws as was the previous tradition.

13. Ch.12.4 Academic Vocabulary William Henry Harrison John Tyler Ninth president – – Died 1 month after inaugurated of pneumonia. – Whig Party Tenth president – – First V.P. elevated to Presidency – Believed Constitution must be strictly interpreted. – Whig Party

14. Ch.12.1 Politics of the People Andrew Jackson’s election to the presidency in 1828 brings a new era of popular democracy The Election of 1824 – 1. How did regional (sectional) differences affect the 1824 election? Democratic- Republican party has four presidential candidates: – New England states supported John Quincy Adams. – The South supported William Crawford of Georgia. – Westerners supported Henry Clay and Andrew Jackson. Jackson wins popular votes, fails to get majority of electoral votes House of Representatives chooses Adams

15. Ch.12.1 Politics of the People Andrew Jackson’s election to the presidency in 1828 brings a new era of popular democracy Jacksonian Democracy – 2. What two-party system was created with the 1828 election? Andrew Jackson feels 1824 election has been stolen from him Aims to win next election, helps to split Democratic- Republican party Split eventually creates two-party system (2 parties): – Democrats grow out of Jackson’s supporters – National Republicans grow from Adams’ supporters

16. Please take 2 minutes to read p. 370 Jacksonian Democracy Please complete the following chart on the election of 1828 JacksonAdams Political Party Major Beliefs

17. Ch.12.1 Politics of the People Andrew Jackson’s election to the presidency in 1828 brings a new era of popular democracy Jacksonian Democracy – 2. What two-party system was created with the 1828 election? Jackson backs interests of common people, supports majority rule. Jacksonian Democracy – political power for all people, majority rule Voting rights partially expanded under Thomas Jefferson’s presidency Helps Jackson win election, hailed as triumph for common people.

18. Ch.12.1 Politics of the People Andrew Jackson’s election to the presidency in 1828 brings a new era of popular democracy The People’s President – 3. How was Andrew Jackson’s background different from previous presidents? Andrew Jackson – first president not from aristocratic background – rich/ powerful Massachusetts or Virginia family (Born in a log cabin) – and the first president elected from the West. Grows up on frontier farm, fights in Revolutionary War, taken prisoner After war, becomes lawyer, hero in War of 1812.

19. Ch.12.1 Politics of the People Andrew Jackson’s election to the presidency in 1828 brings a new era of popular democracy Jackson Takes Office Andrew Jackson’s wife, Rachel dies soon after he wins presidency Jackson blames death on campaign attacks on wife’s reputation Inauguration ceremony attracts people from all levels of society Crowd grows rowdy, forces Jackson to flee White House

20. Ch.12.1 Politics of the People Andrew Jackson’s election to the presidency in 1828 brings a new era of popular democracy A New Political Era Begins – 4. What is the spoils system? Andrew Jackson replaces many government officials with his supporters – “Spoils System” – Giving government jobs to political backers/ supporters Opponents charge that spoils system corrupt Jackson defends system, breaks up one group’s hold on government Political Cartoon reflects opponents View of Jackson

21. Ch.12.2 Jackson’s Policy Toward Native Americans During Jackson’s presidency, Native Americans are forced to move west of the Mississippi River. Native Americans in the Southeast – 1. In what ways did the Cherokees adopt white culture? In early 1800s, many Native Americans remain east Some whites hope Native Americans can adapt to their way of life Others want Native Americans to move out Five Civilized Tribes: Cherokee, Chickasaw, Chocktaw, Creek, Seminole: – Called civilized because they have adopted some white culture – Tribes hold large areas of land

22. Ch.12.2 Jackson’s Policy Toward Native Americans During Jackson’s presidency, Native Americans are forced to move west of the Mississippi River. The Cherokee Nation – 1. In what ways did the Cherokees adopt white culture? Cherokee adopt white customs more than any other Southeastern tribe – Own farms, cattle ranches, – acquire written language Cherokee Sequoya invents Cherokee writing system – Publish own newspaper – Draw up constitution based on U.S. Constitution, found Cherokee Nation Gold is discovered on their lands, many whites demand Cherokee move.

23. Ch.12.2 Jackson’s Policy Toward Native Americans During Jackson’s presidency, Native Americans are forced to move west of the Mississippi River. Jackson’s Removal Policy – 2. What was the Indian Removal Act? Andrew Jackson wants to move Native Americans west of Mississippi As Indian treaty commissioner, he makes treaties with southeast tribes As a result, U.S. government gains large amounts of land. Jackson believes Native Americans have one of two choices: – Adopt white culture, become U.S. citizens and submit to state laws – Move into Western territories

24. Ch.12.2 Jackson’s Policy Toward Native Americans During Jackson’s presidency, Native Americans are forced to move west of the Mississippi River. Jackson’s Removal Policy – 2. What was the Indian Removal Act? Gold found in Georgia, Southern states give whites right to Cherokee land Cherokee protest, President Andrew Jackson supports states Congress passes Indian Removal Act (1830) which: – Requires Native Americans to relocate west Policy forever changes relations between whites, Native Americans

25. Ch.12.2 Jackson’s Policy Toward Native Americans During Jackson’s presidency, Native Americans are forced to move west of the Mississippi River. The Trail of Tears – 2. What was the Indian Removal Act? Whites invade Native America homelands Many Native Americans feel they have no choice but to sign treaties Treaties require tribes to move to Indian Territory (west) Indian Territory – what is now Oklahoma, parts of Kansas Nebraska

26. Ch.12.2 Jackson’s Policy Toward Native Americans During Jackson’s presidency, Native Americans are forced to move west of the Mississippi River. The Trail of Tears – 3. How did President Jackson react to the Supreme Court ruling on the Indian Removal Act? Beginning in 1831, Southeast tribes relocate to Indian Territory Cherokee appeal decision to U.S. Supreme Court, to protect land Court upholds appeal, Andrew Jackson ignores it and refused to obey the ruling. Jackson uses U.S. troops to force Cherokee to march West to Indian territory, fall, winter of 1838-1839 Without adequate clothing 1/4 th Cherokees die Harsh journey of the Cherokee, known as the Trail of Tears

27. Ch.12.2 Jackson’s Policy Toward Native Americans During Jackson’s presidency, Native Americans are forced to move west of the Mississippi River. Native American Resistance – 4. What was the Second Seminole War? Soldiers round up Cherokee named Tsali, his family On way to stockade, they fight, soldier killed Tsali, family flee to North Carolina, meet other Cherokees Agrees to surrender in Cherokee allowed to remain on their land Surrenders, he, sons (except youngest) shot, some Cherokee remain

28. Ch.12.2 Jackson’s Policy Toward Native Americans During Jackson’s presidency, Native Americans are forced to move west of the Mississippi River. Native American Resistance – 4. What was the Second Seminole War? Seminole refuse to leave Florida (1835), leads to Second Seminole War Seminole leader Osceola, followers use surprise attacks on U.S. army Osceola is tricked into capture, dies in prison Some Seminole continue to fight in the Everglades, others move west Sauk chief Black Hawk leads Sauk, Fox back to the lands in Illinois During the Black Hawk War, U.S. troops crush Black Hawk’s uprising

29. Ch.12.3 Conflicts over States’ Rights Jackson struggles to keep Southern states from breaking away from the Union over the issue of tariffs. Rising Sectional Differences – 1. How did the Northeast, West, and South feel about the government spending money on transportation improvements? Land In 1829, U.S. pulled apart by conflicts among its three main sections: – The Northeast Northeasterners do not want public land in West sold at low prices. Cheap land attracts workers needed in Northeast factories – The South – The West Westerners want cheap land in the West to attract settlers.

30. Ch.12.3 Conflicts over States’ Rights Jackson struggles to keep Southern states from breaking away from the Union over the issue of tariffs. Rising Sectional Differences – 1. How did the Northeast, West, and South feel about the government spending money on transportation improvements? Transportation Improvements – Northeast, West support internal improvement such as roads canals – Erie Canal Aid transportation of food, raw materials, manufactured goods – South opposes internal improvement funded by tariffs on imports the money to pay for the improvements would come from tariffs, and they were against tariff increases

31. Ch.12.3 Conflicts over States’ Rights Jackson struggles to keep Southern states from breaking away from the Union over the issue of tariffs. Rising Sectional Differences – 1. How did the Northeast, West, and South feel about the government spending money on transportation improvements? Tariffs – South opposes tariffs, Economy depends on foreign trade with Great Britain South believes the tariffs support the North ONLY. – Northeast supports tariffs, encourages purchase of domestic products, and tariff money was used to pay for improvements in the North east.

32. Please take 2 minutes to read p. 381 Tariff of Abominations Classify the difference between how the north and the south felt about the tariff (2 minutes) Why do you think the South was so upset about the Tariff? NorthSouth

33. Ch.12.3 Conflicts over States’ Rights Jackson struggles to keep Southern states from breaking away from the Union over the issue of tariffs. Tariff of Abominations – 2. Why did Calhoun believe that South Carolina had the right to nullify the tariff? At end of John Quincy Adams’s presidency, Congress passes tariff bill – (tax on imported goods) Significantly raises tariffs on raw materials, manufactured goods Angered by tariff bill, southerners call it Tariff of Abominations Southerners claim Northeast interests control government policies.

34. Ch.12.3 Conflicts over States’ Rights Jackson struggles to keep Southern states from breaking away from the Union over the issue of tariffs. Crisis over Nullification – 2. Why did Calhoun believe that South Carolina had the right to nullify the tariff? Vice-president John C. Calhoun creates doctrine of nullification: – State has right to reject federal law it considers unconstitutional – Any state can nullify (reject) a federal law within its borders – Congress has no right to pass tariff favoring one area of nation – Doctrine gives South Carolina the right to nullify the tariff Calhoun hopes doctrine will stop South Carolina from leaving the Union

35. Ch.12.3 Conflicts over States’ Rights Jackson struggles to keep Southern states from breaking away from the Union over the issue of tariffs. The States’ Right Debate 3. What was President Jackson’s view of nullification? Senate debates doctrine of nullification, Webster-Hayne debate (1830) – Nationalism and Union OR States Rights and Nullification – Senator Robert Y Hayne, South Carolina, supports nullification: Gives states a lawful way to defend their freedom – Senator Daniel Webster, Massachusetts, opposes nullification: The people not the states make the Union – President Andrew Jackson opposes nullification Jackson believed in the power of the federal government and opposed nullification.

36. Ch.12.3 Conflicts over States’ Rights Jackson struggles to keep Southern states from breaking away from the Union over the issue of tariffs. South Carolina Threatens to Secede – 4. How was the tariff issue settled? Congress reduces tariff (1832), Southerners not satisfied South Carolina threatens secession – withdrawal from the Union Andrew Jackson says he will enforce federal laws Congress- Henry Clay – worked out and passed compromise tariff (1833), South Carolina stays in Union.

37. Ch.12.3 Review With a partner Take 5 minutes to complete together _______ 1. Supported high tariffs _______ 2. Opposed high tariffs _______ 3. Proposed limiting the sale of western lands _______ 4. Supported selling public land at cheap prices _______ 5. Voted against any internal improvements such as roads and canals _______ 6. Proposed doctrine of nullification _______ 7. Threatened to secede if tariff law was enforced 1. N 2. S 3. N 4. W 5. S 6. S 7. S

38. Ch.12.4 Prosperity and Panic Jackson’s policy cause the economy to collapse after he leaves office and affect the next election. Mr. Biddle’s Bank – 1. Why did President Jackson oppose the Second Bank of the United States? The Second Bank of the Unites States, most powerful bank in country Policies of Bank’s president, Nicholas Biddle, controls nation’s money Andrew Jackson thinks – bank has too much power, – favors the wealthy while hurting the average person In 1832, Biddle asks Congress to renew the bank’s charter

39. Ch.12.4 Prosperity and Panic Jackson’s policy cause the economy to collapse after he leaves office and affect the next election. Jackson’s War on the Bank – 2. What did Jackson do about Congress’s renewal of the national bank charter? Andrew Jackson vetoes renewal of bank’s charter – Claims bank in unconstitutional, a monopoly that favors the few. In his second term, Jackson sets out to destroy the bank – Has government funds deposited in state banks Biddle fights back, makes it harder for people to borrow money – Bank goes out of business, economy suffers

40. Ch.12.4 Prosperity and Panic Jackson’s policy cause the economy to collapse after he leaves office and affect the next election. Prosperity becomes Panic – 3. How did Jackson’s actions cause economic problems during Van Buren’s presidency? People take out loans, banks issue too much paper money Makes each dollar worth less prices rise – Causes inflation – an increase in prices and decrease in money value Jackson leaves office, nation has false prosperity Next President, Martin Van Buren, takes office, economic panic spreads Fear about economy known as Panic 1837 People demand gold, silver in exchange for paper money, banks run out Banks default (fail), severe economic slump, or depression, follows 90 percent of factories in East close, people go hungry

41. Ch.12.4 Prosperity and Panic Jackson’s policy cause the economy to collapse after he leaves office and affect the next election. The Rise of the Whig Party – 4. Who were the Whig candidates in the 1840 presidential election? Senators Henry Clay, Daniel Webster want government to help economy Martin Van Buren disagrees, economy will improve it left alone At next election, Van Buren faces new political party, the Whig Party Whigs oppose concentration of power in the president – leave economy alone (Adam Smith – Wealth of Nations perspective) – Choose William Henry Harrison to run for president – Choose John Tyler to run for vice- president.

42. Ch.12.4 Prosperity and Panic Jackson’s policy cause the economy to collapse after he leaves office and affect the next election. The Election of 1840 – 4. Who were the Whig candidates in the 1840 presidential election? William Henry Harrison appeals to common people, wins 1840 election – Dies one month after being inaugurated of pneumonia. – Whig program died with him. – First president to die in office – Vice-President John Tyler president

43. Ch.12.4 Review 1. List three or more words that describe how Andrew Jackson looks. 2. What is Jackson holding? 3. What is happening to the pillars of the bank? 4. The man standing behind Jackson holding his hat represents the public. What is his reaction to what he sees? 5. What is the cartoonist’s opinion of Jackson’s conflict with the bank? Use examples from the cartoon to support your opinion.