Scientific Revolution René Descartes "Common sense is the best distributed commodity in the world, for every man is convinced that he is well supplied with it." "Cogito, ergo sum." (I think, therefore I am.)

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The Scientific Revolution VS

Objectives ► Describe the new ideas of the Scientific Revolution ► Copernicus ► Brahe ► Kepler ► Galileo ► Explain how these new ideas threatened the beliefs and power of the Church

Before 1500 ► Where did ppl get their info about the world?  Ancient Greek or Roman philosophers/authors  The Bible ► What helped disseminate that info?  The printing press  Church  Schools/Universities  Ren/Ref/Exploration

Medieval Views The Geocentric Theory (Earth-centered)The Geocentric Theory (Earth-centered) Aristotle’s theoryAristotle’s theory planets revolved around immovable earthplanets revolved around immovable earth God placed Earth in center of universeGod placed Earth in center of universe Few people questioned these ideasFew people questioned these ideas  Why?

Ptolemy  Until mid-1500s  Ptolemy’s theory  Evidence to support Aristotle’s ideas  Earth was the center of universe  This theory matched the teachings of the Church.

Causes of the Sci. Rev ► A few scholars published works  That challenged the church & old ideas  These ideas launched a change in thought ► What helped “cause” this change?

Causes of the Scientific Revolution ► Medieval Universities ► The Italian Renaissance  Renewed emphasis on mathematics  Renaissance – patronage ► Navigational problems of long sea voyages ► Better scientific instruments

Scientific Awakening ► Merged sci. & tech  Use of mathematics  Experimentation ► Sci. separated from church philosophy  Basic ancient truths were questioned  Focus on physics, not ethics

New Views The Heliocentric Theory (Sun-centered)The Heliocentric Theory (Sun-centered) Copernicus’ theoryCopernicus’ theory Planets revolved around the sun Planets revolved around the sun 1 st new scientific theory in nearly 2,000 years1 st new scientific theory in nearly 2,000 years Others built on this ideaOthers built on this idea This angered church leaders.This angered church leaders. Why? Why?

Copernicus (1543)  Nicolaus Copernicus  Heliocentric  sun-centered, model of the universe.  Aim to glorify God

Tycho Brahe (Late 1500s)  Tycho Brahe  used observation  Provided mountains of evidence to support Copernicus’ theory.  Could not mathematically support it  Bridge b/w geo & helio

Tycho Brahe’s Model Sun at center of circles

Johannes Kepler (Early 1600s)  Johannes Kepler  Used Mathematics to support Brahe’s observations  each planet moved around the sun in an elliptical orbit

Galileo Galilei (Early 1600s)  Galileo Galilei  Early user of the experimental method  built a telescope and studied the heavens  His discoveries using the telescope  Moon had rough, uneven surface  Sun has dark spots

Galileo Galilei vs. The Church  Confirmed the heliocentric model  caused an uproar  Galileo’s findings scared the church. Why?  Pope summoned him to Rome for trial  Under threat of torture  Read a confession  Admitted ideas of Copernicus were false.  Sentenced to house arrest & silence  1992 –Catholic Church accepted his beliefs

Bell Work ► How does this quote describe the Scientific Revolution? “If I have seen farther than others, it is because I have stood on the shoulders of giants.” --Newton

Objectives ► Describe scientific achievements of the Scientific Revolution  Bacon, Descartes, & Newton

Isaac Newton (Late 1600s) ► Argues for a universe governed by natural laws  Law of Inertia ► Something in motion tends to stay in motion  Law of Gravity ► Things tend to fall downward

Laws of Inertia

24 Scientific Advances Janssen invented the microscope Leeuwenhoek used microscope to see cells & microorganisms. Fahrenheit/Celsius used thermometers to measure temperature Torricelli used the barometer to measure atmospheric pressure to predict the weather Vesalius published the first accurate study of human anatomy. Descartes is the father of analytical geometry. Believed everything had to be proved by math. “I think, therefore I am.” Bacon is the father of the Scientific Method The 1500s & 1600s saw breakthroughs in many branches of science. 5

Consequences of the Sci. Rev. ► Rise of the “Scientific Community” ► The modern scientific method ► A universe ordered according to natural laws