Rhetoric Plato: Rhetoric is "the art of winning the soul by discourse."

Rhetoric Aristotle: Rhetoric is "the faculty of discovering in any particular case all of the available means of persuasion.

Rhetoric Francis Bacon: Rhetoric is the application of reason to imagination "for the better moving of the will."

Rhetoric The study or art of using language persuasively and effectively.

Applying Rhetoric A child asks his parents why he has to go to bed. A child asks his parents why he has to go to bed.

Aristotle Logos: Because you’re growing. You need your rest. You had a long day today. You want to be ready for Disneyland tomorrow. Logos: Because you’re growing. You need your rest. You had a long day today. You want to be ready for Disneyland tomorrow.

Aristotle Pathos: Because the boogey man and the monster that lives in your closet will get you and because Santa won’t bring you any toys. Pathos: Because the boogey man and the monster that lives in your closet will get you and because Santa won’t bring you any toys.

Aristotle Ethos: Because, as you know, I love you and want the best for you, and I said so. Ethos: Because, as you know, I love you and want the best for you, and I said so.

Aristotle Ethos: The writer’s/speaker’s character or image Ethos: The writer’s/speaker’s character or image Logos: Logical Arguments Logos: Logical Arguments Pathos: The emotions of the audience Pathos: The emotions of the audience

Appeals present in arguments: Follow along on your handouts

Ethos so let’s pretind that I am givin this presentation on rhetoric to y’all and my slide luks like this…do you beleive me! Why should you right? LOL—haha. so let’s pretind that I am givin this presentation on rhetoric to y’all and my slide luks like this…do you beleive me! Why should you right? LOL—haha. R U taking me serioulsy yet? R U taking me serioulsy yet? As a teecher, do you beleive what i am saying? As a teecher, do you beleive what i am saying?

Writer must keep Purpose in mind: support a cause support a cause promote a change promote a change refute a theory refute a theory stimulate interest win agreement arouse sympathy provoke anger.

Writer must keep AUDIENCE in mind: Who exactly is the audience? Who exactly is the audience? What do they know? What do they know? What do they believe? What do they believe? What do they expect? What do they expect? How will my audience disagree with me? How will my audience disagree with me?

Writer must keep AUDIENCE in mind: What will they want me to address or answer? What will they want me to address or answer? How can I—or should I—use jargon? How can I—or should I—use jargon? Should I use language that is formal, factual, and objective; or familiar, anecdotal, and personal? Should I use language that is formal, factual, and objective; or familiar, anecdotal, and personal?

Ways to persuade: Rhetorical Tropes and Schemes

Ways to persuade Antithesis Antithesis Aphorism Aphorism Apostrophe Apostrophe Chiasmus Chiasmus Cliche’ Cliche’ Hyperbole Hyperbole Irony Irony Metaphor Metaphor Metonym Metonym Onomatopoeia Paradox Parallelism Paralipsis Personification Rhetorical Question Synaesthesia Synecdoche

Ways to persuade AllusionAnaphoraPolysyndetonAsyndeton Epistrophe Repetition Alliteration Consonance

Logical fallacies ad hominem fallacy: Attacking a person’s character

Logical fallacies ad populum fallacy: “to the crowd,” a misconception that a widespread occurrence of something is assumed

Logical fallacies circular reasoning: trying to prove one idea with another idea that is too similar to the first idea; such logical ways moves backwards in its attempt to move forward ways moves backwards in its attempt to move forward

Logical fallacies either/or reasoning: the tendency to see an issue as having only two sides

Logical fallacies hasty generalization: drawing a general and premature conclusion on the basis of only one or two cases

Logical fallacies non sequitur: “it does not follow,” an inference or conclusion that does not follow from established