Microbiology Part 1 Cell Structure and Function

A. Common cell structures All cells, regardless of the type have these two things: An outer covering called a cell membrane Internal gelatin-like cytoplasm Imagine a water balloon filled with hair gel

1. Comparing cells The size and shape of the cell relates to its function

2. There are two cell types Prokaryotic cells - Lack membrane bound internal structures or a nucleus One celled organisms like bacteria Eukaryotic cells - Have membrane bound internal structures called organelles All advanced cells like protists, fungi, plants and animals

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

B Cell Organization 1. Cell Wall – Composed of cellulose, grows, changes shape, and protects the cells of plants, algae, and most bacteria

B Cell Organization 2. Cell Membrane – Protective layer around all cells a. For cells with cell walls the cell membrane is inside the cell wall b. A cell membrane allows food and oxygen into the cell and waste products out of the cell

3. Cytoplasm – gelatin – like substance inside all cells A. cytoskeleton – scaffolding - like structure in cytoplasm which helps keep it in shape

3. Cytoplasm – gelatin – like substance inside all cells A. cytoskeleton – scaffolding - like structure in cytoplasm which helps keep it in shape B. In the cytoplasm, eukaryotic cells have organelles which help with cell life processes.

Organelles 4. Nucleus – contains instructions for everything cell does; includes DNA

Organelles 5. Energy processing organelles - help cells do their work

Organelles 5. Energy processing organelles - help cells do their work a. Green organelles in plant cells contain chloroplasts to make food by photosynthesis

Organelles 5. Energy processing organelles - help cells do their work a. Green organelles in plant cells contain chloroplasts to make food by photosynthesis B. Organelles which release the energy stored in food are called mitochondria

Organelles 6. Manufacturing organelles A. Ribosomes - make proteins for cell activities

Organelles 6. Manufacturing organelles A. Ribosomes - make proteins for cell activities B. Endoplasmic reticulum a series of smooth or rough membranes that move materials around in a cell) Works like a highway throughout the cell Can be Smooth- no bumps or Rough (bumps are Ribosomes)

Organelles 7. Transporting and storing organelles A. Golgi Bodies – Packages and moves substances out of cell or to other parts of the cell Like for the cell

Organelles 7. Transporting and storing organelles A. Golgi Bodies – Move substances out of cell or to other parts of the cell B. Vacuoles – also called a vesicle. membrane-bound temporary storage spaces

Organelles Lysosomes - Recycling organelles, break down food molecules and cell wastes

C. From cell to organism Cell – smallest unit

C. From cell to organism Cell – smallest unit 1. Tissue – group of similar cells working together on one job.

C. From cell to organism Cell – smallest unit 1. Tissue – group of similar cells working together on one job. 2. Organ – different types of tissues working together make up an organ.

C. From cell to organism Cell – smallest unit 1. Tissue – group of similar cells working together on one job. 2. Organ – different types of tissues working together make up an organ. 3. Organ system – A group of organs working together on a particular function form a system.

C. From cell to organism Cell – smallest unit 1. Tissue – group of similar cells working together on one job. 2. Organ – different types of tissues working together make up an organ. 3. Organ system – A group of organs working together on a particular function form a system. Organism – the organ systems work together to form the entire organism.

General Tissue Types Epithelial Tissue example Skin Functions for protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, filtration, diffusion, and sensory reception. These tissues form coverings and linings of internal organs and the body

Nerve Tissue makes up the brain, nerves, and spinal cord It is responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities. It stimulates muscle contraction, creates an awareness of the environment, and plays a major role in emotions, memory, and reasoning. To do all these things, cells in nervous tissue need to be able to communicate with each other by way of electrical nerve impulses. General Tissue Types

Bone Tissue makes up the skeletal system Form a framework and support for organs and the body as a whole. Bone marrow is also responsible for production of red blood cells General Tissue Types

Blood - is a special transport fluid Has four parts Red cells deliver nutrients and oxygen to the body cells and transport waste products away from those same cells. White Cells fight off infections and germs Platelets function during blood clotting Plasma is the liquid portion of the blood that helps it flow General Tissue Types

Muscle Tissue is composed of cells that have the special ability to shorten or contract in order to produce movement of the body parts There are three types Skeletal muscles- Voluntary movement Smooth muscles- line internal organs – involuntary movement Cardiac muscles- heart muscle- branching cells that NEVER get tired General Tissue Types

Microbiology Part II Bacteria, Viruses, Protists, and Fungi

Bacteria There are two main types of Bacteria Eubacteria “true bacteria” found everywhere, in the air on the ground and water, even on the page you’re writing now. Archebacteria “ancient bacteria” found only in extreme environments, for example, intensely hot (sulfur pools, ocean vents), salty (Dead Sea), or acidic (inside digestive tract).

Some bacteria contain chloroplasts and are produce their own food Bacteria