1. Structure and Function of Cells State Objective 3.b.

2. What are Cells?  The cell theory states the following:  All living things are composed of cells.  Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things.  All cells are produced from other cells.

3. Two Types of Cells  Prokaryotic cells lack membrane- bound internal structures.  Ex. Bacteria  Eukaryotic cells contain membrane- bound structures  Ex. Blood cells (plant and animal cells)

4. Tour of Eukaryotic Cells

5. Cell Wall  Rigid layer that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms(bacteria)  It helps protect and support.  Made of strong material called cellulose.

6. Cell Membrane  The cell membrane protects the contents of the cell and helps control the materials that enter and leave.  Allows food and oxygen into the cell and waste products out of the cell.

7. Moving Material into & out of Cells  Cell membranes are selectively permeable.  Two types:  Passive Transport allows materials to pass through the cell membrane without using energy  Active Transport requires the cell to use energy by using transport proteins to move materials across the cell membrane

8. Cytoplasm  A thick, clear, gel-like fluid that fills the regions between the cell membrane and the organelles of Eukaryotic cells.  Organelles are tiny cell structures that carry out specific functions with-in the cell.

9. Nucleus  The nucleus is the cell’s control center, directing all of the cell’s activities.  Contains DNA  Nucleolus makes ribosomes which are small grain-shaped organelles that make proteins

10. H2OH2O Energy Mitochondrion  Known as the “powerhouses” of the cell because they convert energy in food molecules to energy the cell can use to carry out its functions

11. O₂O₂ Glucose Chloroplast  Green structures typically found in plant cell to make food by photosynthesis.  Captures energy from sun-light and changes it to energy the cell needs to make food.

12. Vacuole  Type of sac that stores water, food, and other materials needed by the cell.  Vacuoles in plants cell are larger than those in animal cells. Vacuole

13. Comparing Plant and Animal Cells  Plant cells have a larger vacuole for more storage.  Plants have chloroplasts for carrying out photosynthesis.  Plants have cell walls for shape & support.

14. Chloroplast Mitochondria Cell Membrane Golgi Apparatus Cell Wall Ribosomes Cytoplasm Nucleus Endoplasmi c Reticulum Lysosome Vacuole Click on organelle to activate name (cursor will change for “live” organelles). Name That Part

15.  Compare a cell to a school. For each organelle, describe something in the school that would perform that same function. Include nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, vacuole, cytoplasm, cell membrane, cell wall

16. Types of Cells

17.  Not all cells are the same.  Cells with different structures perform different functions.  Both plants and animals have specialized cells that perform specific functions.

18. Organization of Life  Cells- smallest basic unit of life  Tissues- a group of cells that perform a function  Organs- a group of tissues  Organ systems- a group of organs  Organism

19. Types of Tissues  Epithelial  Connective  Muscle  Nervous

20. Epithelial Tissue  Tissue that covers internal or external surfaces of an animal’s body  They may consist of single or many layers.  Cells are packed tightly together with little space between.  Classified by shape and function.  Examples: skin, linings of internal organs, blood vessels

21. Squamous Epithelium

22. Cuboidal Epithelium

23. Connective Tissue  Connects and supports other tissues.  Cells are often spaced farther apart.  Examples include blood, bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, adipose

24. Blood  Tissue that carries oxygen, nutrients, removes wastes, and fights infection.  Made of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.  Red blood cells contain a protein called hemoglobin that attaches to oxygen molecules.

25. Red Blood Cells Shaped like flattened disks. Do not contain nuclei. Most numerous cell in the body.

26. Blood  White blood cells can move in and out of blood vessels to fight infection.  Larger but fewer in number than red blood cells.  Body can increase production when an infection occurs.

27. White Blood Cells

28. Blood  Platelets are tiny, oval-shaped cells that help blood form clots.  Stick together when blood vessels break.  Are constantly being replaced.

29. Platelets

30. Bone  A rigid connective tissue made mostly of calcium.  Provides shape and support, protection, and allow the body to move.  Compact bone- hard, strong outer covering.  Spongy bone- mesh-like center of bones that contains marrow.

31. Bone Which is compact? Which is spongy?

32. Adipose Tissue  A loose connective tissue also called fat.  Stores energy, cushions and insulates the body.  Found beneath the skin and around internal organs.

33. Adipose Tissue

34. Other Connective Tissues  Cartilage is a tough, flexible tissue that covers the ends of bones.  Ligaments are fibrous, slightly stretching tissues that connect bones at a joint.  Tendons connect muscles to bones and allow movement.

35. Ligaments, Tendons, and Cartilage

36. Muscle Tissue  Tissues that contract and relax to allow the body to move.  Three types: skeletal, smooth, cardiac  Skeletal attaches to bones. Smooth is found in internal organs. Cardiac is found in the heart.  Skeletal muscle is voluntary and striated (striped).

37. Muscles

38. Nervous Tissue  Neurons (nerve cells) are the basic unit of the nervous system.  Form the brain, spinal cord, and other nerves.  Controls the body and responds to stimuli.

39. Parts of a Neuron  Cell body- contains nucleus  Axon- carries messages from the cell  Dendrite- receives messages from other cells.

40. Neurons

41. How Tissues Work Together

42. 1.

43. 2.

44. 3.

45. 4.

46. 5.

47. 6.

48. 7.

49. 8.

50. 9.

51. 10.