Ch. 1: Structure of English

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Presentation transcript:

Ch. 1: Structure of English Carma Ellis

What? PHONEMES: smallest unit of spoken language that makes a difference in a word’s meaning 42-44 different phonemes (linguists argue exact number) /h/ /a/ /t/ = three phonemes CONSONANT PHONEMES 25 consonant phonemes, 18 represented by a single letter (/d/, /t/), 7 represented by two letters (/sh/, /ch/) No unique phoneme assigned to c, q, and x, instead those are represented by other letter spellings (/k/ or /s/ for c, /kw/ for qu, and /ks/ for x. VOWEL PHONEMES 18 vowel phonemes used singly and in combination, includes r-controlled vowels

What? CONSONANT PHONEME CLASSIFICATIONS Place of Articulation (where in the mouth the sound is produced) Manner of Articulation (how the sound is produced) Voiced or unvoiced sounds (whether vocal cords vibrate or not) See chart page 25

What? VOWEL PHONEME CLASSIFICATIONS Place of articulation Tongue position (front to back, high to low) Lip position (wide and smiling, rounded and wide open, rounded and partially open) Pronunciation of a vowel varies according to regional and dialect differences. Schwa is an indistinct vowel sound, an empty vowel with no identity. Dipthongs (/oi/ /oy/ /ou/ /ow/) shift in the middle as the lips change position from the rounded to smile. R-controlled vowels are vowels where the consonant r affects the sound of the vowel that procedes it (bird, far, hire) See chart page 27

What? SOUND/SPELLINGS Graphemes (letters, which represent sounds) Phonemes (sounds) Phonemes and graphemes put together are sound/spellings. Phonemes are often represented by more than one grapheme. Phonics is the relationship between phonemes and graphemes. Phonics Elements and Sound Spelling Categories chart pages 29-34 Most Frequent English Sound/Spellings page 35

What? SYLLABLES: word or part of a word pronounced as a unit. Only one vowel sound per syllable Four Division Principles (chart page 36) Six common types (chart page 37)

What? ONSET-RIME: the two parts of a syllable Onset is everything in a syllable before the vowel Rime is everything in a syllable including and after the vowel Phonogram: term sometimes substituted for rime, in the word back, b is the onset and –ack is the rime or phonogram Nearly 500 words can be derived from only 37 “rhyming” phonograms. Phonograms charts pp. 39-41

What? MORPHEME: meaningful parts of words (word-part clues) Majority of morphemes comes from three languages Greek Latin Anglo-Saxon One syllable or multi-syllable Two types Free morphemes stand alone as words (help, play, run) Bound morphemes must be attached to other morphemes to make words (affixes, Greek and Latin roots) see chart pages 44-47

Conclusion English includes five word structures Phonemes Consonant Phoneme Classifications Vowel Phoneme Classifications Sound/Spellings Syllables Onset-Rime Morphemes Being able to identify and utilize these word structures enables one to successfully read, write and comprehend the English language. Best teaching practices includes teaching, assessing, and reteaching the component of each word structure.