B C Asian Americans Vincent Parillo CHAPTER 8

B C Sociohistorical Perspective Chinese first immigrated in 1850 –Japanese, Koreans, and Filipinos followed Sojourners Chinese encountered racial hostility almost as soon as they arrived Not allowed to compete with Whites economically,.. forbidden education, … to testify in court, … bared from citizenship Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

B C Asian Cultural Attributes Great Social Distance, … set pattern of interaction Not a homogeneous group, varied cultures –Language, … religion, … Suffered from miscegenation laws

B C Chinese Structural Conditions 1842 Stereotype,.. (before immigration) –Cold, … cunning, … distrustful, … covetous, … deceitful, … quarrelsome, … vindictivce Ethnophaulisms, … dirty, … disease ridden, … (also those above) Societal reaction, … “Cries of restrictions” Legislative Actions, due to economic woes, and [White] labor agitation

B C Legislative Action Cont. Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 –Action to limit Chinese from competing economically –First time the government restricted a whole race if individuals from immigrating In 1884, restrictions tightened further Violence against Chinese –Mob action, … murder, … driven from homes Rock Springs Wyoming

B C Legislative Action Cont. Exclusion extended in 1892 Extended indefinitely in 1902 Organized labor created and instigated anti-Chinese legislation

B C Avoidance and Separation Some returned to China Others sought redress in courts Were expelled from various trades and occupations Had to congregate in Chinatowns –Los Angeles, … [Bakersfield], … Intermarriage, … miscegenation laws –14 States had antimiscegenation laws

B C Current Patterns Since 1965 population has increased, Table 8.1 Have expanded China towns or moved out –Los Angeles, … Monterey Park, CA China Towns, both tourist attractions and slum communities Increasing youth rebelliousness, crime and gang activity

B C The Japanese Economic Competition, … conflict –Organized Labor, … vegetable growers, … farmers, … unions 1913, California legislature passed the first alien landholding law –Can’t own land if ineligible for citizenship –U.S. Naturalization Act of 1790 U.S. born children could own land –CA in 1920, prohibited aliens from being guardians of a minor’s porperty

B C National Policy 1906 San Francisco school board –Japanese children to Chinese schools –Japanese Government Pressure A compromise was reached, called the “Gentleman’s Agreement” –Japanese would restrict immigration –(Loophole) Permission for wives to enter U.S. Park’s statement, … p. 307 Immigration Law of 1924, bared Japanese

B C Expulsion and Imprisonment After Pearl Harbor, Dec. 7, 1941 “Our worst wartime mistake” Many 2 nd and 3 rd generation Japanese Americans were placed in “relocation centers” –Had to sell all their property, … [example] Mass expulsion proved unnecessary for national security No mass evacuation in Hawaii

B C Relocation Cont. Relocation Centers –More than 110,000 relocated –Manzanar, CA … Poston, AZ Forced to sell almost all of their possessions, … forty lbs. per person –Santa Anita Largely limited to the West Coast No mass evacuation in Hawaii

B C Relocation Cont. Housing conditions, … Ted Nakashima’s description, … (p. 310) Some left to go East, … jobs, … school Some left to go into the Army, … Endo v. United States, … ended relocation 1988, … apology and reparation Education, … and Intermarriage

B C Relocation Cont. [Other examples], not in Parrillo, 2003 Bakersfield: The Ono family Yakima Washington Non- Japanese internees The fisherman, Monterey California

B C Recent Patterns U.S. occupation (WW II) and Japanese reconstruction Japanese War brides (WW II) Parents encouraged education –Above national norms,.. professional positions Cultural emphasis: … conformity,.. Aspiration, …competitiveness, … discipline Intermarriage: Yonsei exceeds 50% Population decline as an Asian proportion

B C The Filipinos 1898, Philippines a U.S. possession U.S. nationals but not U.S. citizens Could not attain citizenship,..not White Replaced Japanese labor after the “Gentlemen's Agreement” Due to Immigration Act of 1924, replaced Mexican labor, … farm and service labor Scarcity of women

B C Koreans 1903, recruited to replace Chinese labor in Hawaii Numbers increased after the Korean War 2000 population, … 1.1 million 40% of males operate their own business Dominate certain businesses in different cities, (p. 319) Koreans use of the “kye” Middleman minority, … see fig. 8.3

B C Sociological Analysis The Functionalist View Conflict view