Hormone implants used to promote faster growth First product used in 1954: Diethylstilbestrol (DES) 6 anabolic steroids (in various combinations): 3 natural steroids (estradiol, progesterone, testosterone) 3 synthetic hormones (estrogen compund zeranol, androgen trenbolone acetate, progestin melengestrol acetate) Approved by FDA Banned by EU since 1988

hormone pellets are implanted in the animal under the skin behind the ears The small time-release capsules slowly dole out the hormones over several weeks during key growth stages. 21 days of feeding time are eliminated 10–15% increases in daily gains 10-15% increase in carcass quality (increased lean/fat ratio) lower beef prices

increased udder infections (mastitis) severe reproductive problems digestive disorders foot and leg ailments persistent sores and lacerations

At risk: fetus and prepubertal child— sensitive to exposure to sex steroids “maternal beef consumption is associated with lower sperm concentration and possible subfertility”

Hormonal imbalance; interfering with the reproductive system Early onset of puberty among females (increased risk for breast cancer) Possible risk for cancer (e.g. breast, colon, prostate) Most susceptible: pregnant and unborn

Contamination of surface and groundwater by manure Aquaculture is affected through disruption of the natural cycle of fishes Effects of hormones on gender and reproductive capacity of fish

FOR SWINE

Feed additives are compounds added to swine diets for the purpose of enhancing animal performance.

Several types: - Antibacterial agents - Natural chemotherapeutic agents - Antiparasiticides - Metabolic modifiers - Probiotics/Prebiotics, Botanicals, etc.

ANTIMICROBIALS: A major concern has been raised in food-animal systems over the use of antimicrobials that are also effective in human disease control. CHEMOTHERAPEUTICS: Use of these compounds for extended periods at high levels may result in environmental contamination of ground where manure is spread.

ANTIMICROBIALS - The emergence of drug-resistant microbial populations in humans and animals - There is potential for cross-contamination between populations

CHEMOTHERAPEUTICS - Copper toxicity in sheep is attained at low levels, particularly on low molybdenum containing pastures. - Zinc compounds will also raise soil levels but most animals are less susceptible to toxicosis.

CHEMOTHERAPEUTICS - Inclusion of high levels of zinc oxide for longer than 3 to 4 weeks or of levels higher than 250 ppm of copper sulfate for extended periods may cause direct toxic effects in pigs.

FOR HORMONES: Proper labeling of products Breeding programmes Regulation of rumen fermentation Disease control FOR FEEDS, label should indicate: Purpose of medication Directions for use Name and amount of chemicals Withdrawal period Warning against misuse

FOR FEEDS: FDA reminds producers that: - Feed additives are performance tools - They are not substitutes for proper herd management - Overuse is not equal to higher productivity

Be informed Demand for organic beef Information campaign

Support research to further study effects and alternatives Strict regulation

1. Which is not a negative consequence of hormones in beef ? A. Increased mastitis in cattle B. Increased cancer risk in consumers C. Delayed onset of puberty in female consumers D. Decrease in sperm production in male consumers

Which of the following is false about feed additives for swine? a. There is an FDA regulation regarding feed additives. b. Increasing amount of feed additives can compensate for bad herd management. c. Both A and B. d. None of the above.

cfm ,00.html#ixzz0Z3Y30lSF m