1. The Endocrine System

2. Last page of endocrine notes

3. FUNCTION: REGULATION GLANDS that release HORMONES into BLOOD

4. Glands –organs that secrete substances needed by an organism Hormones – chemical messages -Released into the bloodstream -Proteins Examples: –Insulin - Pancreas –Adrenaline – Adrenal Glands –GH - Pituitary –Testosterone - Testes

5. Hormones are SPECIFIC SPECIFIC to TARGET CELLS!! – to TARGET CELLS!! – –Cell with cell receptors that “Fit” hormone!

6. Negative Feedback Mechanisms – Way to maintain homeostasis Ex. Body temperature -When body temp. goes up, we sweat -When body temp. goes down, we shiver Ex. Blood sugar levels -When blood sugar goes up, insulin lowers blood sugar -When blood sugar goes down, glucagon raises blood sugar

8. The Pituitary Gland AKA the MASTER gland AKA the MASTER gland Secretes hormones that control other glands Secretes hormones that control other glands

9. A few hormones of the Pituitary Gland Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)Kidneys to reabsorb water OxytocinContraction of uterus Follicle Stimulating (FSH)Production of mature eggs and sperm Luteinizing hormone (LH)Prepares uterus for implantation of egg Thyroid Stimulating (TSH) Stimulates Thyroid to release Thyroxin Growth (GH)Elongation of bones

11. What hormone would be at work here? Too much _________ = gigantism Too little _________ = dwarfism

12. Hypothalamus “Grandmaster Gland” Right above Pituitary!! Influences the Pituitary Influences the Pituitary Regulates body temperature, thirst, hunger, water balance, and blood pressure, etc Regulates body temperature, thirst, hunger, water balance, and blood pressure, etc Connects the brain and the endocrine system Connects the brain and the endocrine system

13. Thyroid gland - on throat Secretes thyroxine Secretes thyroxine This regulates METABOLISM This regulates METABOLISM Affects all cell’s activity Affects all cell’s activity Essential for normal physical and mental development Essential for normal physical and mental development Thyroid Goiters Enlargement of the thyroid Caused by a lack of iodine in the diet

14. Parathyroid gland - Dots on thyroid Secretes parathormone Secretes parathormone Controls CALCIUM metabolism Controls CALCIUM metabolism Required for Required for –Blood clotting –Growth of teeth and bones

15. Adrenal glands On top of each kidney On top of each kidney Secretes adrenaline Secretes adrenaline – blood glucose – heartbeat – breathing rate –Released in times of stress and heavy exercise  FIGHT or FLIGHT

16. Islets of Langerhans AKA the PANCREAS INSULIN INSULIN blood sugar level blood sugar level GLUCAGON blood sugar level GLUCAGON blood sugar level Maintains homeostasis Maintains homeostasis

17. Gonads: Sex Organs Males: TESTES Males: TESTES Secrete TESTOSTERONE Secrete TESTOSTERONE –Sperm development –Secondary sex characteristics  Examples: facial hair, muscles, deeper voice

18. GONADS Female: OVARIES Female: OVARIES Secrete estrogen and progesterone Secrete estrogen and progesterone –Egg production –Secondary sex characteristics  Examples: widening of hips, development of breasts

19. Disorders of the Endocrine System Goiters –Enlargement of the thyroid –Caused by a lack of iodine in the diet Hypothyroidism - too little thyroxin Hypothyroidism - too little thyroxin Hyperthyroidism/Graves Disease – too much thyroxin Hyperthyroidism/Graves Disease – too much thyroxin

20. Thyroid Goiter – Enlargement of the Thyroid

22. Diabetes… When the pancreas fails to produce or properly use insulin **HIGH blood sugar** When the pancreas fails to produce or properly use insulin **HIGH blood sugar** –Insulin: stimulates cells in the liver and muscles to remove sugar from the blood and store it as glycogen or fat

23. Type I Diabetes Early onset (juvenile diabetes) Early onset (juvenile diabetes) Little to no insulin produced Little to no insulin produced Daily insulin injections Daily insulin injections Strict diet (little to no SUGARS) Strict diet (little to no SUGARS)

24. Type II Diabetes Later onset Later onset Low to normal amount of insulin Low to normal amount of insulin Insulin receptors not functioning correctly Insulin receptors not functioning correctly Controlled through diet and exercise Controlled through diet and exercise Medication Medication

25. Untreated diabetes BlindnessGangrene

26. SUMMARY of the Endocrine System Type of message: chemical (hormone) Speed: pretty fast Specific?: very specific Travel?: in the blood