IV. Surface markings A. Foramen – A rounded passageway for blood vessels nerves, ligaments (foramen magnum, vertebral foramen, obturator foramen) B. Meatus – an tube-like opening or passageway ( external auditory meatus) C. Paranasal sinus – air-filled chambers connected to the nasal cavities (frontal sinus

D. Fossa – A shallow depressionin or on a bone (olecranon fossa) E. Condyles – A large, smooth, rounded articular prominence (lateral and medial) F. Head – The rounded articular end of an epiphysis, separated from the shaft by the neck G. Facet – A small, smooth, flat articular surface

H. Tuberosity – A roughened process (deltoid tuberosity) I. Trochanter – A large, blunt projection only on femur J. Crest – A prominent ridge or border (iliac crest)

V. Skull – two sets of bones – 8 cranial/14 facial A. Sutures – seam or stitch, immovable joint found between skull bones 1. Coronal – attaches the frontal bone to the parietal bones 2. Sagittal – extends from the lambdoidal suture to the coronal, separates the parietal bones 3. Lambdoidal – separates the occipital bone from parietal 4. Squamous – boundary between parietal bone and temporal bone

1.Frontal bone – forms forehead, orbits, frontal sinuses 2.Parietal bones – two sides and roof of cranial cavity 3.Temporal bones – two interior lower sides and part of cranial floor, mandibular fossa, forms temporomandibular joint (TMJ) -external auditory meastus – leads to inner ear -mastoid process – attachment for muscles -styloid process – attachment for muscles B. Cranial Bones – enclose the cranial cavity, fluid- filled to cushion and support the brain

4. Occipital – back of cranium for muscles and ligaments of tongue and neck -occipital condyles – articulate a joint with cervical vertebrae -foramen magnum 5. Sphenoid bones – middle of base of the skull (bat with outstretched wings) -sphenoidal sinuses – drain into nasal cavity - sella turcica – depression – contains pituitary gland 6. Ethmoid bone – light spongy bone located in the front part of the floor of the cranium between the orbits - contains superior and middle nasal conchae

C. Facial bones 1.Nasal bones – two, bridge of nose 2. Maxillae – upper jaw -contain alveoli into which upper teeth are set -cleft palate – improper fusion of left and right sides 3. Zygomatic bones – two cheek bones 4. Mandible – lower jaw - mental foramen – hole in mandible used as a dental landmark 5. Lacrimal bones – smallest bones in face

6. Palatine bones – posterior portion of the hard palate 7. Inferior nasal conchae – two scroll-like bones, inferior to other nasal conchae – filtration of air 8. Vomer – bone forms lower and back part of nasal septum

D. Fontanelles – soft spots between cranial bones of infants E. Foramina – major openings

F. Hyoid Bone – suspended from the styloid process by ligaments and muscles - located between mandible and larynx - supports tongue - often fractured during strangulation

VI. Vertebral Column – composed of vertebrae, encloses and protects spinal cord, supports head and is a point of attachment for ribs and muscles of back A.Divisions: 1. Intervertebral foramina – openings between vertebrae 2. Adult – 26 vertebrae 3. Made up of 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 1 sacrum (5 fused), 1 coccyx (4 fused) 4. 1 st vertebra – atlas 5. Intervertebral disc – fibrocartilage, elastic structure

C. Curves - four curves – 2 concave, 2 convex - concave – thoracic, sacral - convex – cervical, lumbar - fetus – one concave curve - at three months, cervical develops - lumbar curve develops with walking and standing

C. Typical Vertebrae – vary in size, shape and detail 1.Body – disc-shaped front portion – functions in weight bearing 2.Arch – formed by pedicles and lamina 3.Spinous process – sharp projection, can see and feel when spine is flexed 4.Vertebral foramen – opening for the spinal cord that forms the spinal cord 5.Processes (7) – muscle attachment and articulations with other vertebrae

D. Cervical Region – spinous process 2 nd through 6 th - cervical vertebrae are bifid (cleft) – v-shaped transverse foramen – blood vessels and nerves are located here C 1 – atlas – no body or spinous process C 2 – axis – body has dens – projection through the ring of the atlas to form a pivot point for neck rotation C 7 – Vertebral prominens – large spinous process

E. Thoracic Region - larger and stronger than cervical vertebrae - all except T 11 and T 12 have facets for rib articulation

F. Lumbar Region - largest and strongest - spinous process adapted for large back muscle attachment

G. Sacrum and Coccyx 1. Sacrum – triangle- shaped, union of 5 bones, fusion begins at age foundation of pelvic girdle - sacral hiatus – anesthesia given here during childbirth 2. Coccyx – Four bones, fuse with sacrum very late

VII. Thorax – entire chest region - bony cage consisting of the sternum, costal cartilage, ribs, and the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae - encloses and protects the internal organs A.Sternum – breastbone, flat bone, houses red marrow 1. Manubrium – upper portion, articulates with the clavicles, 1 st and 2 nd ribs 2. Body – middle portion, largest section, articulates with ribs Xiphoid process – lower portion, point of reference for CPR

B. Ribs – 12 pair - increase in length from decrease in length from #s 1-7 attach to the sternum with costal cartilage (hyaline) and are called “true ribs” - the last 5 pair are called “false ribs” because they don’t attach to the sternum - #s are called floating ribs because they lack an anterior articulation - Intercostal spaces – between ribs, are occupied by muscles, blood vessels, nerves

1.Frontal bone 6. Zygomatic Bone 8. Maxilla 9. Mandible 13. Vomer 14. Inferior nasal concha 17. Nasal bones 18. Lacrimal bone Identify #1, 6, 8, 9, 13, 14, 17, 18

Identify #1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 16, 19, 20, 23, 24, 25 1.Parietal bone 2.Coronal suture 3.Frontal bone 4.Nasal bone 5.Vomer 6.Lacrimal bone 7.Ethmoid bone 8.Zygomatic bone 9.Maxilla 10. Mandible 16. External auditory meatus 19. Temporal bone 20. Sphenoid bone 23. Squamosal suture 24. Lambdoidal suture 25. Occipital bone

1.Occipital bone 2.Lambdoidal suture 3.Parietal bone 4.Sagittal suture 5.Coronal suture 6.Frontal bone

1.Parietal bones 2.Sagittal suture 3.Lambdoidal suture 4.Occipital bone Identify #1-4