On the Brink of Civil War

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Presentation transcript:

On the Brink of Civil War The Union Torn Apart: 1850-1861

Missouri Compromise 1820

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1848

Compromise of 1850

The Debaters Henry Clay & Daniel Webster John C. Calhoun Stephen Douglas

Henry Clay’s defense of Compromise Mr. President, what is a compromise? It is a work of mutual concession - an agreement in which there are reciprocal stipulations - a work in which, for the sake of peace and concord, one party abates his extreme demands in consideration of an abatement of extreme demands by the other party: it is a measure of mutual concession - a measure of mutual sacrifice.

Compromise of 1850 California admitted as a free state N. Mex., Az., Utah, Nev. Territories – no mention of slavery Slave trade - but not slavery forbidden in Wash. D.C. Fugitive Slave Act Postpones Civil War another decade

Fugitive Slave Act Required citizens to assist in arrest of slaves Denied slaves jury trial Commissioners handle the cases (paid $5 if alleged fugitive released; $10 if given to claimant)

Fugitive Slave Act

Underground Railroad: Peaks 1850-1860

Manifest Destiny: The Role of the Railroad & Stephen Douglas Wanted RR terminus to be in Chicago Presidential ambitions Nebraska as free state never a question Democrats – Popular Sovereignty

Kansas-Nebraska Act - 1854 2 New Territories: Kansas & Nebraska created west of Iowa & Missouri Issue of slavery to be decided in new territories by popular sovereignty Overrides Missouri Compromise

Efforts to sway the vote in Kansas New England Emigrant Aid society sends northerners south Abolitionist Beecher “Beecher Bibles” rifles Rumors spread 20,000 northerners moving south Southerners (Missouri) flood across the border to vote 2 elections won by pro-slavery side

Kansas legislation & Abolitionist Response Penalties for speaking against slavery Assisting fugitives – death penalty or 10 years hard labor North calls “Bogus” laws Northerners set up Free State Legislature in Topeka Pres. Pierce only recognizes Pro-slavery Kansas govt.

Prelude to Violence Most “Kansans” not interested in slavery issue Many northerners “Free Soil” – meant land for free whites – not concerned with morality issues of slavery Congressional investigation found the elections of ’54 & ’55 to be fraudulent Federal govt. continues to recognize slave govt. of Kansas

Bleeding Kansas

Caning of Charles Sumner: The Crime against Kansas

John Brown & sons – Kill pro-slavers at Pottawatomie Creek

Dred Scott Decision 1857 Taken to Illinois & Wisconsin – Free states 11 years in courts Supreme Court says that Scott, a slave, is not a citizen, ergo not eligible to bring suit in Federal Court Missouri Compromise unconstitutional (5th amendment property rights)

Lincoln-Douglas Debates 1858

Raid on Harper’s Ferry, VA October 1859 John Brown led raid on Federal Arsenal Plan – start an armed insurrection to free slaves Captured, tried, convicted of murder, treason, inciting slave rebellion executed Martyr/villain

Election of 1860: Final turning point for North and South