 100 Years War and Black Death  Scientific Advances which contradicted the Church  The Corruption within the Catholic Church

 Prior to the Reformation all Christians were Roman Catholic  The [REFORM]ation was an attempt to REFORM the Catholic Church  People like Martin Luther wanted to get rid of the corruption and restore the people’s faith in the church

 In the end the reformers, like Luther, established their own religions  The Reformation caused a split in Christianity with the formation of these new Protestant religions

 Martin Luther  John Calvin  Henry VIII

 Lived from in Germany  Father encouraged him to study law  A sudden religious experience inspired him to become a monk

 He became troubled over the possibility of not going to heaven  He turned to the Bible, and confession for comfort  In the Bible he found the answer he was looking for

“The righteous shall by his faith.” Luther realized that only faith (in the ultimate goodness of Jesus), not good deeds, could save a person. No good works, rituals, etc. would save a person if they did not believe.

 A list of things he thought were wrong with the Catholic Church (95 Complaints)  He criticized:  The Power of the Pope  The Extreme Wealth of the Church  Indulgences (Catholic concept of Salvation)

 Gutenberg’s Printing Press made it possible for Luther to spread his beliefs  Posted his 95 Theses on Church doors in Germany  Gained support from people and criticism from Church

The first thing printed on Gutenberg’s press was the Bible. This is a picture of a page from one of Gutenberg’s Bibles.

 The Diet of Worms  1520 Pope Leo X order Luther to give up his beliefs  Luther burned the order and was excommunicated  Luther went into hiding where he translated the New Testament into German – spreading his beliefs even further

 He was the Pope during the height of the corruption

“I am fed up with the world, and it with me. I am like a ripe stool, and the world is like a gigantic anus, and so we’re about to let go of each other.” -Luther

 Some Local German Churches accepted Luther’s ideas  Lutheranism was formed  Supported by some German Princes who issued a formal “protest” against the Church for suppressing the reforms  The reformers came to be known as [PROTEST]ants - Protestants

Henry VII-English Reformation Wife-Catherine of Aragon-Has Daughter Mary-Henry wanted a son Wife-Catherine of Aragon-Has Daughter Mary-Henry wanted a son Asked Pope to annul his marriage (divorce was not allowed) Asked Pope to annul his marriage (divorce was not allowed) Pope refused- Henry asked Parliament (English Congress) to end Pope’s (Catholic Church’s) power in England Pope refused- Henry asked Parliament (English Congress) to end Pope’s (Catholic Church’s) power in England Act of Supremacy-Henry VIII- Head of England’s Church- Anglican Church Act of Supremacy-Henry VIII- Head of England’s Church- Anglican Church

Henry VIII He was big and handsome and wore fine clothes He was big and handsome and wore fine clothes He loved games, horse-riding and hunting He loved games, horse-riding and hunting He spoke four languages, wrote poetry and played music He spoke four languages, wrote poetry and played music

But most important to him… He wanted to be a strong king, with a firm hold on the throne He wanted to be a strong king, with a firm hold on the throne He most wanted a son to succeed him He most wanted a son to succeed him

Catherine of Aragon Married 1509 Married 1509 She was daughter to the king of Spain She was daughter to the king of Spain She had a daughter, Mary, but no sons She had a daughter, Mary, but no sons She was too old for more children She was too old for more children In 1533, Henry divorced her In 1533, Henry divorced her

Anne Boleyn Married 1533 Married 1533 She was young, pretty and witty She was young, pretty and witty She had one daughter, Elizabeth She had one daughter, Elizabeth She was beheaded for being unfaithful in 1536 She was beheaded for being unfaithful in 1536

Jane Seymour Married 1536 (11 days after execution of Anne) Married 1536 (11 days after execution of Anne) She had a son, Edward, but died soon after (1537) She had a son, Edward, but died soon after (1537) Henry probably loved her best of all his wives Henry probably loved her best of all his wives

Anne of Cleves Married 1540 Married 1540 The marriage made a link between England and Germany The marriage made a link between England and Germany Henry thought she was ugly Henry thought she was ugly Divorced 1540 – the same year! Divorced 1540 – the same year!

Catherine Howard Married 1540 Married 1540 She was 20, Henry was 49 She was 20, Henry was 49 She was unfaithful She was unfaithful Executed in 1542 Executed in 1542

Catherine Parr Married 1543 Married 1543 She liked family life and looked after Henry’s children She liked family life and looked after Henry’s children She outlived Henry She outlived Henry

English Monarchy After Henry VIII’s death 1547 After Henry VIII’s death 1547 Edward VI-Jane Seymour’s son Died after 6 years Edward VI-Jane Seymour’s son Died after 6 years Mary- Daughter of Catherine of Aragon- Returned England to Catholic “Bloody Mary” Mary- Daughter of Catherine of Aragon- Returned England to Catholic “Bloody Mary” Elizabeth- Daughter of Anne Boleyn-Returned to Protestant-Ruled from The “Virgin Queen”- Virginia named for her. Elizabeth- Daughter of Anne Boleyn-Returned to Protestant-Ruled from The “Virgin Queen”- Virginia named for her.

 Anti-Catholic  Influenced by Martin Luther  Disagreed with Luther’s “Salvation through faith alone.”  Created his own Protestant religion in Switzerland

“May little chickens dig out your eyes 100,000 times.” - Calvin speaking to another reformer whose ideas he disagreed with

 Calvin believed in:  Salvation through Predestination  At birth it is decided if you will go to heaven or hell

 Foreknowledge  God knows everything that will happen in your life  Purified approach to life:  No drinking, swearing, card playing, gambling etc..

 Started in Switzerland – Calvinists  England = Puritans (Sepratists)  Scotland = Presbyterians  Holland = Dutch Reform  France = Huguenots  Germany = Reform Church

Puritan Hugeunots Presbyterian

Other Reformers Anabaptists- “Baptize Again”-separation of Church- & State-later become Mennonites & Amish- influenced the Quakers and Baptists Anabaptists- “Baptize Again”-separation of Church- & State-later become Mennonites & Amish- influenced the Quakers and Baptists Catholic Reformation- Ignatius-founded the Jesuits-Build schools, convert non- Catholics, stop Protestant religions Catholic Reformation- Ignatius-founded the Jesuits-Build schools, convert non- Catholics, stop Protestant religions

Council of Trent Church’s interpretation of Bible was final Church’s interpretation of Bible was final Christians needed faith AND good works for salvation Christians needed faith AND good works for salvation Bible and the Church were both needed for guiding Christian life Bible and the Church were both needed for guiding Christian life Indulgences were valid expressions of faith Indulgences were valid expressions of faith