Organisms are made up of carbon-based molecules. 2-2 Organic Compounds Organisms are made up of carbon-based molecules.

A) Organic Chemistry The element carbon is a component of almost all biological molecules. Organic chemistry – the study of organic compounds – compounds containing carbon

Carbon has 4 valence electrons – this enables it to form 4 covalent bonds with other atoms. This is what results is a variety of important organic compounds.

B) Macromolecules Carbon atoms can be joined to form carbon molecules. Macromolecules: large molecules that are formed by joining smaller organic molecules together Polymers: molecules made from repeating units of identical or nearly identical compounds called monomers that are linked by a series of covalent bonds.

Question: How Are Macromolecules Formed?

Answer: Dehydration Synthesis Also called “condensation reaction” Forms polymers by combining monomers by “removing water”.

Question: How are Macromolecules separated or digested?

Answer: Hydrolysis Separates monomers by “adding water”

C) Carbohydrates Composed of C, H, O in a 1:2:1 ratio sugars Monosaccharide – a simple sugar

Simple sugars can be joined to form more complex sugars. Disaccharide – two monosaccharides joined together.

Polysaccharide – ??? Glycogen is an energy storage form of glucose found mainly in the liver and muscle cells.

Main function of carbs – energy!! The body will use glucose as its initial source of energy for life functions. Carbs can serve as structural components in other organisms. Cell wall – plants Hard outer shell of lobster, shrimp, and some insects

D) Lipids Molecules made mostly of carbon and hydrogen that make up fats, oils and waxes Composed of fatty acids and glycerol Six functions of lipids: 1. Long term energy storage 2. Protection against heat loss (insulation) 3. Protection against physical shock 4. Protection against water loss 5. Chemical messengers (hormones) 6. Major component of membranes (phospholipids)

Phospholipids – a special lipid that is responsible for the structure and function of cell membranes

E) Proteins Compound made of amino acids Amino acids – small compounds that are made of C, H, O, N All amino acids share the same general structure

There are 20 amino acids Proteins are made of different combinations of the 20 amino acids The bonds that join the amino acids together to form proteins are called peptide bonds

Protein function: 1—structural support 2– transport substances inside the cells and between cells 3– speed up chemical reactions 4– control cell growth Involved in nearly every function of your body

F) Nucleic Acids Complex macromolecules that store and transmit genetic information Made up of nucleotides –small repeating units made up of C, H, O, N, P All nucleotides are made up of three units – phosphate, 5 carbon sugar and nitrogenous base

There are two types of nucleic acids found in organisms DNA and RNA

Use the following words to create a concept map on Organic Compounds. Carbohydrates Lipids Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus Fats Oils Waxes Glycerol Fatty acids Nucleic acids Nucleotides Energy Energy storage Genetic information Most functions in the body Proteins Amino acids **Also be sure to include the functions of each group on your map somewhere.