III. Prejudice and Discrimination What’s the difference?

Prejudice Prejudice: “pre-judge” Attitudes of aversion and hostility towards the members of a group simply because they belong to it and are presumed to have negative qualities attached to group membership A subjective phenomenon: A State of mind Stereotypes-Unreliable generalizations about all members of a group How do people become prejudiced?

Theories of Prejudice Frustration-aggression theory Scapegoating that results from displaced aggression No jobs available? Who’s to blame? Socialization theories Prejudice is learned and supported by the cultural environment Socialization agents and culture Structural Theories Prejudice emerges out of competition between groups who struggle over scarce resources such as jobs, property, and political power. The capitalist environment

Discrimination The acts that arise from prejudices Members of a group are denied the privileges, prestige, power, legal rights, equal protection under law, and other societal benefits available to members of dominant group 2 main levels 1. Individual discrimination i.e. Not inviting a co-worker to lunch based on their race-subtle i.e. hate crimes-blatant and dangerous 2. Institutional discrimination

Institutionalized discrimination Institutionalized discrimination: how discrimination is woven into the fabric of society Looks at a culture of racism Does not look at individuals as racists The Denial of opportunities and equal rights that result from the normal operations of society and institutions Edu, CJS, HCS, economy, politics, etc

I.e.: Discrimination in the economy Studies show that discrimination on the job market continues at institutional level Can your name affect the possibility of a call back for an interview? Who is more likely to get a call back on a resume? A white male who has served jail time or a black male who has served no jail time?

Institutional Discrimination Examples Housing: Home mortgage and car loans Thomas and Passell found that controlling for income and credit scores, Latinos and African Americans were 60% more likely to be rejected for loans than whites or receive higher interest rates The Criminal Justice System Differential Sentencing and drug policies Death penalty Racial Profiling The Education system Racial Minorities are disproportionately represented in low-income neighborhoods, where schools and teachers are underfunded.

Institutionalized discrimination Environmental racism: Low income communities and areas with significant minority populations are more likely to be located near hazardous waste sites, dumps, and have higher air pollution which results in higher levels of health issues and related deaths I.e.: Location of toxic waste sites on native American reservations

Institutionalized discrimination One mechanism of institutional discrimination is gatekeeping: decisions upon which people are admitted to offices and positions of privilege, prestige, and power within society and are treated fairly Who are gatekeepers? Individuals in personnel, HR, managers in the workplace, landlords, loan officers, police officers, teachers When enough individuals, gatekeepers, act in a way that is discriminatory, individualized racism can become institutionalized