Chapter AP* Sixth Edition World Civilizations The Global Experience World Civilizations The Global Experience Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert A Second Global Conflict and the End of the European World Order 30

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert A Second Global Conflict and the End of the European World Order I.Old and New Causes of a Second World War II.Unchecked Aggression and the Coming of War in Europe and the Pacific III.The Conduct of a Second Global War IV.War's End and the Emergence of the Superpower Standoff V.Nationalism and Decolonization in South and Southeast Asia and Africa

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert A Second Global Conflict and the End of the European World Order

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Old and New Causes of a Second World War Guomindang –Chinese reunification –Japanese invade  Manchuria, Manchuko, 1931

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Old and New Causes of a Second World War Rehearsals: Dictators, Militarism, and the Agony of the Spanish Civil War –Germany  Response to Soviet Union, World War I losses Italy –Ethiopia

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Unchecked Aggression and the Coming of War in Europe and the Pacific Japanese invade China, 1937 –Guomindang retreat Germany –invades Poland, 1939

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert World War II in Europe and the Middle East

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Asia and the Pacific in World War II

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Conduct of a Second Global War West reacts slowly

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Nazi Blitzkrieg, Stalemate, and the Long Retreat Germany –Conquers France, Low Countries –Northern Africa Britain –Winston Churchill Russia –Germany invades, 1941 –1943, driven back

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Anglo-American Offensives, Encirclement, and the End of the 12-Year Reich Holocaust begins, 1942 –Up to 12 million killed –6 million Jews

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Anglo-American Offensives, Encirclement, and the End of the 12-Year Reich Pearl Harbor, 1941 –United States joins Allies Americans and British –North Africa, 1942  Success against Germans, Italians –France, 1944 –Germany surrenders, 1945

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Rise and Fall of the Japanese Empire in the Pacific War Japan –Attacks U.S., 1941 –Indonesia, Malaya, Burma, Philippines U.S. –Some success by late 1942 –Air attacks on Japan, 1944 –Atomic bombs  Hiroshima, Nagasaki

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert War's End and the Emergence of the Superpower Standoff United Nations –Security Council  U.S., Soviet Union, Britain, France, China –World Court

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert From Hot War to Cold War Teheran Conference, 1944 –U.S., Britain, France Yalta, 1945 Germany, four occupation zones Potsdam, 1945 –Germany, Austria divided, occupied Japan invaded, loses territories

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert From Hot War to Cold War Korea freed, divided into two zones China –Regains territory –Communists v. Nationalists Baltic States –Become Soviet provinces –Except Yugoslavia, Greece

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Nationalism and Decolonization in South and Southeast Asia and Africa Atlantic Charter, 1941 –Self-determination

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Winning of Independence in South and Southeast Asia Indian National Congress –Quit India Movement, 1942 Gandhi Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Muslim League British Labour government, 1945 Hindu/Muslim conflict –India, Pakistan, 1947

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Winning of Independence in South and Southeast Asia Gandhi assassinated, 1948 Sri Lanka (Ceylon), Myanmar (Burma) –Peaceful independence Philippines –U.S. grants independence

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Winning of Independence in South and Southeast Asia Dutch –Lose Indonesia to nationalists, 1949 French –Indochina

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Liberation of Nonsettler Africa Two models Radical –e.g. British Gold Coast (Ghana) –Kwame Nkrumah –Convention Peoples Party –Strikes, rallies, boycotts –Independence, 1957

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Liberation of Nonsettler Africa Peaceful –French, Belgian territories –Negotiation –e.g. Senegal, Ivory Coast  Léopold Sédar Senghor, Felix Houphouât-Boigny –Economic ties retained

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Liberation of Nonsettler Africa All French West African colonies freed by 1960 Portuguese retain colonies

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Repression and Guerrilla War: The Struggle for the Settler Colonies More conflict Kenya –Jomo Kenyatta  Peaceful efforts fail –Land Freedom Army  Guerilla tactics  Defeated, Kenyatta imprisoned

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Repression and Guerrilla War: The Struggle for the Settler Colonies Kenya –Negotiation with Britain  Independence, 1963  Kenyatta president

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Repression and Guerrilla War: The Struggle for the Settler Colonies Algeria –Violent –National Liberation Front  Warfare, 1950s –Negotiations  Independence, 1962

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Persistence of White Supremacy in South Africa Angola, Mozambique –Revolution –Independence, 1975 Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) –Independence by 1980

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Persistence of White Supremacy in South Africa South Africa –Afrikaners  White supremacy ideology  In control after Anglo-Boer War ( ) –Apartheid

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Conflicting Nationalisms: Arabs, Israelis, and the Palestinian Question Arab nations –Most independent by 1960s Palestine –Zionist movement  Holocaust –Muslim revolt, , Palestine divided –Warfare

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Partition of Palestine After World War II

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Global Connections: Persisting Trends in a World Transformed by War The end of the European Colonial order –Begun in World War I –Completed in and just after World War II Decolonization transfers power from elites to elites –Some land distribution –Western dominance of trade and international economy continues