1. Chapter 30 A Second Global Conflict and the End of the European World Order By: Tyler & Stacia

2. Causes for WWII: Japan ●Guomindang (Nationalist) Party gains power in China. ○ Strikes fear in Japanese army officers (exert power over Manchuria after Russo- Japanese War) ●Japan gradually militarized due to fears. ●Seized Manchuria in 1931 → Manchukuo ●International crisis → politicians unwilling to object to Japanese demands that could weaken negotiations.

3. Causes for WWII: Germany ●Germany’s growth was quick and radical. ○ Treaty of Versailles (ended WWI) ○ Hyperinflation, Weimar Era 1920s ●National Socialist party (Nazis) under Hitler continued to gain seats in the parliament. More promises → more power. ●Nazi agenda: Destroy Treaty of Versailles ○ Rearmament (1935), Rhineland militarized (1936), union with Austria and seizure of Czechoslovakia (1938), occupation of Czechoslovak Republic. ●Empowered Mussolini: Ethiopia bombings ●Hitler & Mussolini: Spanish Civil War ○ Franco refused to join them in WWII. Warning: Zombies not affiliated with WWII or Hitler.

4. Invasion Begins ●WWII: 9-1-1939 → German invasion of Poland. ●Clashes with Japan after seizure of Manchuria 1930-1945. ●Reluctance of Western democracies to halt Nazi regimes assisted the Germans. ○ H & M: Noticed Br, Fr and US were willing to sacrifice smaller states in order to appease Axis powers. ●Leaders like Winston Churchill were kept out of power. Anti-war public ●-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ●Manchukuo (Japan) attacked China in 1937. ○ Leaders and officers discouraged the assault but were silenced by assassination threats. ○ Total War: pillage, murder of civilians, rape ○ Lack of coordination and consultation ■ Tripartite Pact: 1940 ●Hitler signs non-aggression pact with Soviet Union. → Divide Poland and other states.

5. Turning the Tides ●Reluctance to rearm by Western democracies and Soviet Union allowed for crushing victories by Axis Powers. ●Tide turns for Allies: ← Nazi preoccupation at Russian border, US involvement. ●Anglo-American & Soviet Alliance: more powerful → pop., potential industrial production, tech. innovations, military capacity.

6. Blitzkrieg in Europe ●Japan → China, debating over US invasion ●Germany → France, Low Countries. British retreated to Britain. ●“Blitzkrieg”: lightning war ○ Overwhelmed Poland in 1939 ○ Defeated Fr and Br in France in a few days, 1940. ●Rotterdam destroyed due to Dutch resistance. ○ 40,000 killed ●Vichy: Nazi puppet helped Germans control France ●A few months later, Norway and Denmark. ●Battle of Britain: Allied victory ○ Strong leadership, innovative tactics, radar, bravery, high morale. ■ Germans had to abandon plans to control Britain

7. Blitzkrieg in Europe (cont’d) ●Germans dominated Italian’s plans to control Albania, Yugoslavia, and Greece. ●Erwin Rommel: Offenses on N. Africa and Egypt ○ Goal of seizing Suez Canal ●Drove Soviets out of Finland, Poland and Baltic States, some of Byelorussia and Ukraine ●German advances were halted in winter at Moscow and Leningrad ●1943 Russian forces fight back against weakened Germans. ○ All Nazis cleared out by late 1944.

8. From Persecution to Genocide:Hitler’s War Against the Jews ●Persecution (not just Jews) ●Wannsee Conference, Feb, 1942: Purpose of regime → genocide ○ Removal → Destruction of Jews ●Concentration camps → “factories for mass production of death” ○ Labor or Death ●Holocaust: 6 million Jews, 12 million total ○ Worst genocide of 20th century. ●Italians and Danes resisted Nazi demands to send Jews. ●Worsened by Western reluctance to accept Jews. (Immigration) ○ Allied responses led to Zionist movements to create a Jewish state in Palestine.

9. America on the Offensive ●United States assisted to Britain ○ Clothing, weapons and food ●American forces counteract German U-boat attacks ●America helps Britain ○ Reverse German control in North Africa ●Mussolini, fascist leader of Italy ○ Killed by civilians due to Nazi takeover in Italy. ●Battle of the Bulge- Hitler's last effort to repel Allied forces ●Adolf Hitler commits suicide in a Berlin Bunker two weeks later

10. Decline of Japan in the Pacific ●Japan attacks Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 ●Japan captured Hong Kong (British territory),Burma and Malaya ○ overran Dutch East Indies and French Indochina ●United States enter as a main counterpart to Japan ●Japan starts its decline due to lack of resources ●Battle of the Coral Sea ●Atomic bombing on Hiroshima and Nagasaki

11. United Nation ●United Nations made between Allied forces ○ added Soviet Union and China ●Provide a forum for negotiating international problems ●Includes the World Court of Justice ○ concerned with problems of human rights and famine ○ programs directed toward specific groups

12. Cold War ●Due to no clear peace negotiation after WWII ●Tehran Conference- Allies agree to invasion of Nazi- occupied France ●Yalta Conference-Split Germany into four zones ○ France, United States, Soviet Union, Britain ●Potsdam Conference-Determine who would gain which land after the war ○ USSR, USA, UK

13. Nationalism and Decolonization ●Total War- smaller inner city wars due to WWII ●Atlantic Charter of 1941 ○ Sealed alliance between America and Great Britain ○ Stated the ideals and goals of the war for Allied powers ●Caused Japanese government to push more aggressively against the United States and Britain ○ Allowed people to choose which form of government they wanted to live

14. Colonies in Southeast Asia ●WWII ended alliance b/w Indian National Congress and Britain ○ Civil disobedience and the arrest of Nehru and Gandhi created tension. ●Muslim League: Wanted partition of India into Muslim and Hindu areas. ○ Sided with Britain ●1947: India was divided into India and Pakistan ○ Later: Sri Lanka and Burma (Myanmar) ●Retreat of Br from S. Asia created similar responses with the Dutch and French. ○ Indonesia and Vietnam

15. Liberation of Nonsettler Africa ●Convention Peoples Party (CPP)- Against British legislature in the Gold Coast ○ Mass rallies, boycotts, strikes against the British ○ Led by Kwame Nkrumah ●Nkrumah named prime minister of Ghana by the British ○ Shows power transfer from Britain to well educated Africans ●French began moving out of Africa, leaving economic and cultural ties

16. Guerrilla Warfare ●Kenya African Union (KAU)-Underground organization centered around radical leaders ● Land Freedom Army-used to fight and terrorize the British and African who were to be working with the British ●National Liberation Front (FLN)- Arab and Berber peoples to revolt against the French rule ●Secret Army Organization (OAS)-Attempt to prevent Algerian independence from France ●Algeria wins independence in 1962

17. White Supremacy in South Africa ●Afrikaner National Party-Devoted to win total independence from Britain ●Apartheid-system of racial segregation by the Afrikaners ○ Best jobs for whites and only certain contact between racial groups ○ Black Africans could not vote ○ Afrikaners make large police to enforce these laws ●White Supremacy stays in control

18. Middle East ●Zionist- Those who feel Jewish people should have their own homeland ●Large Jewish immigration into Palestine ●Muslim revolt in Palestine ●Haganah-Zionist military force ●Partition of Palestine- Divided Palestine between Jewish and Arab states made by the UN ●War between Arab and Jewish state broke out over land

19. Global Connections ●Ended Western Imperialism throughout the world ●Well educated Africans took over the jobs of the Europeans ●Education now to teach more about Africa and Asia rather than just about Europe ●Many continue to communicate in English and French ●Europe still claims dominance of global economy ○ African and Asian leaders had to promise to protect western merchants and their interests