Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any image; any rental, lease, or lending of the program. PowerPoint Presentations for Psychology The Science of Behavior Seventh Edition Neil R. Carlson, Harold Miller, C. Donald Heth, John W. Donahoe, and G. Neil Martin Prepared by Linda Fayard Mississippi Gulf Coast Community College

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Chapter 10 Language

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Language 1.Speech Comprehension and Production 2.Reading 3.Language Acquisition by Children

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Speech Comprehension and Production  Speech Recognition  Understanding the Meaning of Speech  Brain Mechanisms of Speech Production and Comprehension

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Speech Recognition  Phoneme – minimal unit of sound in a language - e.g., “p”  Morpheme – minimal unit of “meaning” in a language; joint function of syntax and semantics  Learning and specific context are factors in recognizing what we hear

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Understanding the Meaning of Speech  Syntax – grammar and word order  Semantics – meanings and the study of the meanings of words  Prosody – use of changes in intonation and emphasis to convey meanings in speech

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Brain Mechanisms of Speech Production and Comprehension Figure 10.3: Locations of Broca’s Area, Wernicke’s Area, and Associated Areas Involved in Language Deficits

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Reading  Scanning of Text  Fixation – brief moment of non eye movement when brain accesses visual information  Phonetic and Whole-Word Recognition: Evidence from Cognitive Neuroscience  Phonetic reading – “reading” by sounding out  Whole-word reading – sight reading

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Phonetic and Whole-Word Recognition Figure 10.7: A Simplified Model of the Reading Process, Showing Whole-Word and Phonetic Reading

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Figure10.8: A Model of Surface Dyslexia

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Figure 10.9: A Model of Phonological Dyslexia

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Language Acquisition by Children  Language Acquisition Device – innate  Recognition of Speech Sounds by Infants  The Prespeech Period and the First Words  The Two-Word Stage  How Adults Talk to Children  Acquisition of Adult Rules of Grammar  Acquisition of Meaning  The Role of Memory in Understanding the Meanings of Written Words and Sentences

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Recognition of Speech Sounds by Infants  Sounds that reach a fetus are somewhat muffled but can still be heard  There is also some evidence that newborns can learn to discriminate speech sounds while they sleep

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon The Prespeech Period and the First Words  Kaplan and Kaplan (1970) have outlined the progression of early vocalizations in infants.  Crying – first sounds  Cooing – one month  Babbling – six months  At about one year – words appear

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon The Two-Word Stage  Develops around 18–20 months of age  Also called telegraphic speech – e.g., “man funny”  Deaf children go through same stages with sign language (Bellugi & Klima, 1972)

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon How Adults Talk to Children  They use only short, simple, well-formed, repetitive sentences and phrases  Child-directed speech, also known as motherese  Words are paired with objects  Expand child’s speech by imitating while putting it with more complex forms.

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Acquisition of Adult Rules of Grammar  The expansion of object nouns into noun phrases develops early  Verb usage increases, articles are added, prepositional phrases are mastered, and sentences become more complex.  Inflection- suffixes added to words to change their syntactical/semantic function  Overgeneralization – grammatical errors with past tense verbs

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Acquisition of Meaning  Overextension  The use of a word to denote a larger class of items than is appropriate  Underextension  The use of a word to denote a smaller class of items than is appropriate

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon The Role of Memory in Understanding the Meanings of Written Words and Sentences  Learn meaning of words through experience  Semantic Priming – a facilitating effect  The use of a word to denote a smaller class of items than is appropriate  Recent research suggests that reading involves different types of memory and types of models