1. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any image; any rental, lease, or lending of the program. PowerPoint Presentations for Psychology The Science of Behavior Seventh Edition Neil R. Carlson, Harold Miller, C. Donald Heth, John W. Donahoe, and G. Neil Martin Prepared by Linda Fayard Mississippi Gulf Coast Community College

2. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Chapter 11 Intelligence and Thinking

3. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Intelligence and Thinking 1.Intelligence: Is It Global or Componential? 2.Intelligence Testing 3.The Roles of Heredity and Environment 4.Thinking and Problem Solving

4. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Intelligence: Is It Global or Componential?  Spearman’s g theory  Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence  Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences

5. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Spearman’s g Theory  g-factor is a factor of intelligence that is common to all intellectual tasks  Includes apprehension of experience, education of relations, and education of correlates  s-factor is a factor of intelligence that is specific to a particular task

6. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Evidence from Factor Analysis  Factor analysis is a statistical procedure that identifies common factors among large groups of tests  Using factor analysis, there appear to be three factors that are measured on Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

7. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence  The three factors are:  Analytic intelligence – the mental mechanisms that people use to plan and execute tasks  Creative intelligence – the ability to deal effectively with novel situations  Practical intelligence – the abilities that are subject to natural selection

8. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Successful Intelligence  Made of the triarchic components  The ability to effectively analyze and manage personal strengths and weaknesses

9. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences  Gardner proposes a neuropsychological theory of intelligence that is based on the deficits that people demonstrate following brain injury  Currently there are eight categories of intelligence: linguistic, musical, logical- mathematical, naturalistic, spatial, bodily- kinesthetic, and two types of personal intelligence

10. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Intelligence Testing  Intelligence Tests  Reliability and Validity of Intelligence Tests  The Use and Abuse of Intelligence Tests

11. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Intelligence Testing  There is a long history of intelligence testing  However, most modern tests use the normal curve to assess intelligence

12. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Intelligence Tests  There are a number of intelligence tests  Binet-Simon Scale  mental age  Stanford Binet  ratio intelligence quotient (IQ)  WAIS  deviation IQ score

13. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Figure 11.2: Calculating the Deviation IQ Score

14. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Reliability and Validity of Intelligence Tests  Reliability of modern IQ tests is about.85  Validity is the correlation between the test scores and the criterion (an independent measure of the variable that is being assessed)  There is much criticism of the validity of these tests

15. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon The Use and Abuse of Intelligence Tests  There may be cultural biases on tests  Problem of self-fulfilling prophecy  The use of the tests to determine who has special learning needs also is problematic  How is classifying the level at which a person functions intellectually going to be used?

16. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon The Roles of Heredity and Environment  The Meaning of Heritability  Sources of Environmental and Genetic Effects During Development  A Sample of Results from Heritability Studies

17. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon The Meaning of Heritability  Heritability is the degree to which the variability of a particular trait in a specific population is a result of genetic differences among those organisms  Heritability of IQ  Heritability can range between 0 and 1.0

18. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Sources of Environmental and Genetic Effects During Development  Genetic factors that affect intelligence include  Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome)  Phenylketoneuria  Prenatal environment  Presence of teratogens (alcohol, other drugs)  Nutrition

19. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Sources of Environmental and Genetic Effects During Development  Postnatal Development  Injury  toxic chemicals  poor nutrition  disease

20. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon A Sample of Results from Heritability Studies  General Intelligence  Specific Abilities  Issue of Race and Intelligence

21. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon A Sample of Results from Heritability Studies  In studies of intelligence and heritability between siblings:  Identical twins reared together had a correlation of.86  Fraternal twins reared together had a correlation of.62  Siblings reared together had a correlation of.41  Siblings reared apart had a correlation of.24

22. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Thinking and Problem Solving  Classification and Concept Formation  Deductive Reasoning  Inductive Reasoning  Problem Solving

23. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Classification and Concept Formation  Concepts are categories of object or situations that share some common attributes  Formal concepts are a listing or dictionary definition of common essential characteristics

24. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Figure 11.4: Examples of Basic- Level, Subordinate, and Superordinate Concepts

25. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Figure 11.5: Concept Formation  Which group of shapes is most similar (a) or (b) ?

26. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Deductive Reasoning  Deductive reasoning is when you infer specific instances from a general principle or rule John is taller than Phil. Sue is shorter than Phil. Therefore, John is taller than Sue.

27. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Figure 11.6: A Mental Model

28. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Figure 11.7: A Mental Model of the Craftsman Experiment  Which Craftsman is Taller?  People could judge the heights of the electrician and the painter faster than the plumber or the carpenter

29. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Figure 11.8: A Spatial Model of Reasoning  What do you call your mother’s sister’s son?

30. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Figure 11.9: Cards Used in a Formal Test of Problem Solving

31. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon More Realistic Version of Problem Solving Figure 11.10: Cards Used in a Socially Situated Version of the Problem-Solving Test

32. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Figure 11.11: Examples of the Types of Cards Used in a Test of Inductive Reasoning  When you infer general principles or rules from specific facts  What is the rule demonstrated in the cards to the left?

33. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Problem Solving  Algorithms  A procedure consisting of a series of steps that will solve a specific type of problem  Heuristics  A general rule (a rule of thumb) that guides decision making or problem solving  Means-ends analysis