“WORKERS OF THE WORLD, UNITE!” THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION, 1917

REVOLUTIONS: Why do they happen? RUSSIA BEFORE: 1)Empire: had to control many different nations 2)Autocracy (Czar=all power) 3)Russian population= 80% serfs (peasants tied to land)

1) Russo-Japanese War ( ) -Russia fought Japan over control of Pacific Ocean ports and Korea -Japan beat Russia: humiliation! -Showed the people that the Czar could not control entire Empire

2) 1905 Revolution -Workers’ unions held strike in front of Czar’s winter palace (better work conditions, elected legislature) -Czar’s police shot over 1,000 (“Bloody Sunday Massacre”) -Caused every Russian trade union to go on strike in protest -Czar forced to create Duma (Russian Parliament) and limit his power, but he dismissed Duma after 10 weeks

3) WWI! Russian army poorly equipped, poorly led Total war took 15 million men from the farms  bread prices rose tremendously Czar took control of army, so losses blamed on him

PRE-REVOLUTION: March Revolution, )Workers’ Strike: Shortage of food and fuel (WWI) 200,000 rioted (St. Petersburg) Soldiers joined strike instead of stopping it

PRE-REVOLUTION: March Revolution, ) Czar Steps Down: March 1917 Nicholas II abdicates throne End of Romanov dynasty (Czar and family executed 1 year later)

PRE-REVOLUTION: March Revolution, ) Provisional Government: Created by leaders of Duma (Russian Parliament) Led by Alexander Kerensky Continued to fight WWI, lost support of soldiers and civilians

BOLSHEVIK REVOLUTION: November )Soviets Formed: Local councils of workers, peasants, soldiers Russians looked to Soviets for leadership 2) Lenin Returns to Russia: Germans sent Lenin by train to start Revolution Slogan: “Peace, Land, and Bread!” Won control of major Soviets in Russia

BOLSHEVIK REVOLUTION: November ) Bolshevik Takeover: Nov. 1917: stormed Provisional Government’s headquarters in St. Petersburg Arrested leaders of Prov. Gov’t Bolsheviks now control Russia

LENIN’S GOVERNMENT= Bolshevik Party (Communist) 1)Treaty of Brest- Litovsk (1918): Ended WWI for Russia, but lost ¼ of its land in Europe 2) Civil War: RED ARMY= Bolsheviks (soldiers, peasants, workers) WHITE ARMY= anti-Bolsheviks (opponents of Communist beliefs) War lasted , cost 14 million lives (war, famine, flu epidemic)

LENIN’S REFORMS 1)N.E.P. (New Economic Policy): March 1921 Allowed some people to own factories and farms for profit Motivated people to produce more Economy recovered from war 2) U.S.S.R.(Union of Soviet Socialist Republics): Re-organized Russia, recognized nations Each nation got its own Socialist Republic New capital, Moscow, controlled all Republics

LENIN’S REFORMS 3) Communist Party (1924): New Constitution created  all power to Party Elected leaders, but only Communists could run Type of Government=Dictatorship (Lenin controlled Communist Party)

S.S.R.s: each Russian nation got its own Soviet Socialist Republic

ALL ABOUT (TOE TAL UH TEAR EE UN ISM) TOTALITARIANISM= system in which gov’t totally controls public and private life

Totalitarianism: Importance of Leader: “Cult of Personality”  leader seen as “perfect,” almost worshiped. Leader has goals to improve society, but eliminates enemies of state. Challenges values of reason, freedom, human dignity, and the worth of the individual.

METHODS OF CONTROL Police Terror: police work for Party, only loyal to the leader. They… -Spy -Arrest “traitors” -Murder “traitors” Indoctrination: instruction in the government’s beliefs (“brainwashing”). Control of… -Schools -Youth Groups

METHODS OF CONTROL Propaganda/Censorship: government controls all news media and art forms. People are only allowed to see info that praises the Party or the leader. Religious/Ethnic Persecution: Discrimination and violence against religious and ethnic groups. Meant to distract people from problems in society.