Chapter 15 Nutrition from Infancy to Adolescence

Describe how feeding practices and nutritional requirements change from infancy to childhood. During early infancy the main emphasis is on appropriate breast-feeding, while during the latter part of the first year of life, the emphasis is in transitioning the infant to foods that are appropriate and will not cause allergic responses or provide choking hazards. During childhood, the main concern is trying to provide a variety of foods for children and a setting that will encourage appropriate eating behavior. In addition, exercise needs to be emphasized so that obesity does not present a problem`. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

What are Children in the US Eating? More than 2x as many children and 3x as many teens are overweight today as in 1980.

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. As the typical American child gets older, the quality of the diet improves. improves by consuming fewer sugars, but worsens by consuming more fat. worsens as they eat less fruit and drink less milk. worsens as they eat less meat.

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Diet-Related Disease Conditions in Children High-kcalorie, high-saturated fat diets combined with low-activity lifestyles can lead to the following: Obesity Type 2 diabetes  Typical picture is an overweight teen age 10- mid puberty, with a family history Elevated serum cholesterol  children consume more than the recommended 10% of their energy from saturated fat Heart disease Hypertension

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Which statement about type 2 diabetes is incorrect? Type 2 diabetes never occurs in people under 40. Type 2 diabetes progresses in severity the longer an individual has it. Little is known about type 2 diabetes in children. the risk of type 2 diabetes is reduced by keeping weight in the normal range and maintaining an active lifestyle.

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All of the following contribute to the increase in kcalorie consumption in American children over the last 25 years ?: eating more meals away from home larger portion sizes more snacking low fat diets, which do not provide satiety, so children eat more

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Monitoring Children’s Growth

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Monitoring Children’s Growth

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Over the last 25 years child and adolescent obesity rates have increased to 30% increased to 16% declined stayed the same

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Energy and Protein Needs for Children

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. For teens, protein requirements reach the adult recommendation by what age? a)13 b)15 c)17 d)19

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Typical Meal Patterns for Infants

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Food Allergies and Food Intolerances Food allergies are more common in infants than adults. Exposure to an allergen for the first time causes the immune system to produce antibodies to that allergen. Allergy symptoms include sneezing, rash, eczema, hives, cramps, aches, vomiting, asthma, diarrhea and many others. Allergy symptoms may be immediate or take up to 24 hours. Allergy symptoms may range from mild to life-threatening. Food intolerances do not cause antibody production. Food intolerances create problems during digestion. Lactose intolerance, an inability to digest milk sugar, is an example.

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. Infants are at greater risk for developing food allergies because their small intestine allows larger peptides to enter into the body which will result in their immune systems producing antibodies to these allergens. In the older child, the maturity of the small intestine does not encourage the passage of these partially digested proteins to be passed into the blood.

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Food allergies are more common in breastfed babies than formula fed babies. can result when incompletely digested proteins are absorbed from the intestine and enters the lymph and/or bloodstream. tend to be more common in older children than in infants. are not serious unless they occur in children over the age of 6.

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Which of the following can help to decrease the risk of developing a food allergy? breast feeding. formula feeding. early introduction of solid foods (around 2 months of age). positioning infants on their backs while sleeping.

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. MyPyramid for Kids

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. School lunches must provide _____ of the RDA for protein, energy, vitamins A and C and iron and calcium. a)10% b)1/4 c)1/3 d)1/2

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Children who participate in the school lunch program consume more of all of the following except ___ compared to students who did not participate in the school lunch program. fruit drinks vegetables dairy meat or meat substitutes

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Meal Patterns for Children of Different Ages

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Healthy Snacks for Young Children

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Nutrition and Health Concerns in Children A number of diet and lifestyle factors put children at risk for illness and malnutrition. They can include: Dental caries Lead toxicity Hyperactivity Childhood obesity

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Lead causes which of the following learning disabilities in children. damage to the fetal nervous system. damage to reproductive organs in adults. All answer choices are correct.

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Low income children are more likely to have elevated levels of lead in their blood because they are more likely to live in older buildings with lead paint.

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. What Can Be Done to Reduce Lead Exposure children absorb lead more efficiently

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The “Saturday Morning Pyramid” This is the types of foods advertised on children’s Saturday Morning TV. Most of them are high in sugar, fat, salt, and low in nutrient density.

Fast food Big Mac, large order of fries, and a large drink = 1390 calories Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Preventing Childhood Obesity

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Which of the following statements about breakfast is not true? Children who skip breakfast are less likely to be over weight. Children who skip breakfast are less likely to get all the vitamins and minerals they need. Children who eat breakfast perform better academically. A breakfast of sugared cereal is better than no breakfast at all.

Diet and Hyperactivity Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)  Short attention span  High excitability, distractibility, activity. 5-10% of school age children More frequent in boys over girls Research has failed to link sugar consumption with hyperactivity. Also research is inconsistent in linking food additives, artificial colors and flavors. Though, some children with behavioral problems are sensitive to certain additives Caffeine, present in sodas, could be a culprit Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Lean Body Mass in Adolescent Males Versus Females Teenage years = 11 inches of growth and weight gain of 53 lbs for girls and 70 lb for boys.

Describe the growth patterns during infancy, childhood and adolescence for both males and females. During infancy growth occurs very quickly up to 1 year, then tapers off by 2 years. There is little difference between males and females in growth patterns until adolescence. During childhood, there is a slow but steady growth in height, but not much weight gain. At adolescence, males and females each have growth spurts, with the ultimate result that males have more lean mass and females have more adipose at the conclusion. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Dietary Concerns for Teenagers

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Dietary Concerns for Adolescents Adolescence is a time of independence and changed behaviors. Dietary choices in adolescence can lead to nutrient deficiencies. Adolescents may be making decisions about: Vegetarianism Eating for appearance and/or performance Smoking Alcohol use Oral contraceptive use Teenage pregnancy

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Some teens decide to consume a vegetarian diet. Which of the following nutrients is most likely to be deficient in a vegetarian diet? iron vitamin C B vitamins potassium

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Which of the following statements about smoking is untrue? a) Smoking increases the risk of heart disease and lung cancer. b) Many teens start smoking to promote weight loss. c) Smokers have an increased requirement for vitamin C. d)It has been shown that smokers do not gain weight in the first year after quitting.

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Chapter 15 Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without express permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Request for further information should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his/her own use only and not for distribution or resale. The Publisher assumes no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information herein..