Psychology and Success Chapter 1 “ What lies behind us and what lies before us are small matters compared to what lies within us.” Ralph Waldo Emerson, Philosopher © 2010 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill

1-2 Learning Objectives Define success. List several personal qualities that help people to be happy. Define psychology and cite its four major goals. Explain the relationship between thoughts, feelings, and actions. Define self, self-image, and identity. Describe the components of identity.

1-3 What do we mean by perspectives? Sensation? Perception?

1-4 PARIS IN THE THE SPRINGTIME

1-5 BIRD IN THE THE HAND

1-6 Once IN A A LIFETIME

1-7 What did you see there?

1-8 What is the difference between sensation and perception?

1-9 What do you see?

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1-23 An Interesting Afterimage Illusion

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1-30 Understanding Psychology Psychology Scientific study of human behavior. Behavior Anything that you think, feel or do. Goals of Psychology Describe, predict, explain, and (in some cases) change human behavior. Success Secret Studying psychology helps you understand yourself and others.

1-31 Explaining Human Behavior Why do people think, feel and act the way they do? Nervous system Regulates thoughts, feelings and actions. Conscious Mind The part of the brain that controls the mental processes of which we are aware. Subconscious Mind The part of the brain that controls the mental processes of which we are not actively aware.

1-32 Thoughts, Feelings, and Actions Cognition (thought) Mental processing of information in any form. Includes: perceiving, recognizing, remembering, reasoning, solving problems, making decisions, forming concepts, visualizing. Emotion (feeling) Subjective feeling accompanied by physical and behavioral changes. Personal Journal 1.2 Your Thoughts, Feelings, and Actions

1-33 cause Psychology The science & study of human behavior…including the underlying processes that cause behavior… …b oth physiological & mental…

1-34 We study those psychological (mental, emotional, social) and physiological processes that underlie human behavior! Clinical Psychology study focused on diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders. Adjustment focuses on adapting to the changes in one’s environment,thus the psychological processes that allow people to manage and cope within the demands of everyday life!

1-35 Research! Especially empirical study* and clinical observations! How do we know what we know? Wadsworth, Thomson Learning Hutchens, 2000 *the scientific method

1-36 What is an OBSERVATION? What you measure, see, count, time, etc. An observation is an event, even a little one.. What are VARIABLES ? CHARACTERISTICS! Wadsworth, Thomson Learning Hutchens, 2000

1-37 Look for the DEPENDENT** & INDEPENDENT VARIABLES **What was MEASURED! HOW to understand research?

1-38 A TRUE experiment is a research method where one variable (IV) is manipulated to see if there is a change in another variable (DV). The independent variable is the thing that someone actively controls/changes; while the dependent variable is the thing that changes as a result. In other words, the independent variable is the “presumed cause,” while dependent variable is the “presumed effect” of the independent variable.dependent variable

1-39 What is Success? Success: a lifetime of personal fulfillment. Success Secrets Success is a journey, not a destination. Money and fame don’t equal success. Activity 1: What Success Means to You

1-40 Ingredients of Success 1. Self-Awareness Appreciating your personal values, qualities, skills and interests. 2. Self-Direction Setting a goal and working toward it. 3. Self-Esteem Respecting oneself. 4. Positive Thinking Focusing on future possibilities to propel yourself toward your goals.

1-41 Ingredients of Success continued… 5. Self-Discipline Daily personal effort putting your plans into action. 6. Self-Motivation Getting and staying motivated. Moving forward despite fears. 7. Positive Relationships Healthy relationships with friends, family, and co-workers. Personal Journal 1.1 Ingredients of Success

1-42 Who is a Success? In society, it is not always obvious who are truly successful people. Role Model Person who has qualities you would like to have. Success Secrets Always make time for relationships. Adults need role models, too. Activity 2: Role Model

1-43 Neobehaviorism AKA Social Learning Theory Proponent – Albert Bandura Do you know the “Bobo study”? Observational learning occurs vicariously, “watch and learn…”

1-44 Social Learning Theory 2 Processes: IMITATION & OBSERVATIONIMITATION & OBSERVATION Modeling Increased by the degree to which the observer can identify with the model What does that mean for the MEDIA, SPORTS figures, etc. models? Hutchens, 2000 Wadsworth, Thomson Learning

1-45 Personality includes Self-Efficacy SOURCES of its development: 1. Outcomes - consequences of your behavior - “reinforcement!” 2. Vicarious – comparison of YOUR own skills as compared to others’ (observation?) 3. Persuasion - “Others say that you...” can? can’t? 4. Emotive - how you FEEL…”I think I can I think I can; I think I can …” Hutchens, 2000

1-46 Social-Learning Theory Modeling: The social-learning process by which behavior is observed and imitated Locus of Control: The expectancy that one’s reinforcements are generally controlled by internal or external factors Self-Efficacy: The belief that one is capable of performing the behaviors required to produce a desired outcome.

1-47 Reciprocal Determinism Personality emerges from the mutual interactions of individuals, their actions, and their environments Person factors (cognitive) Environmental influences (Situation) Overt Behavior

1-48 CONSEQUENCES Reinforcement Punishment That which decreases the frequency of a behavior. That which increases or maintains the frequency of a behavior. Hutchens, 2000

1-49 Success and Happiness Happiness The natural experience of winning your self-respect and the respect of others. Outside factors—wealth, youth, physical attractiveness, etc., have little effect on happiness. Success Secret Create your own opportunities for happiness. Activity 3: How Happy Are You?

1-50 The search? Enlightenment programs E.g., “est,” Scientology, Silva Mind Control Organized groups Cult-type ideology Dangers apparent in Heaven’s Gate Security and belongingness are keys to involvement Established Religious Groups E.g., Promise Keepers Public “counsel” E.g., Dear Abby, Dr. Phil, etc. Self-improvement strategies E.g., self-help media

1-51 Codependency Movement Origin: “enabling” aspects of alcoholics’ spouses Beattie’s 1987 Codependent No More Expanded application of the term Identified addictions to diverse behaviors & “Codependency” to the participation of significant others in that “addictive” behavior The participation/controlling/enabling, itself, signals “codependency” in the significant other Treatment options include The Twelve-Step Program of AA

1-52 real Is the Codependency Movement for real? Evaluation difficult Definitions vary widely Empirical research is minimal With vague definition, it’s hard… Which behaviors would one choose? Are all compulsive behaviors addictions? Are all repetitive behaviors compulsive? What problems are the ones “caused” by codependency? Gender bias Over-application to women Questions as to the NURTURING ROLE applied more to women

1-53 The SELF-HELP SENSATION Books Tapes Videos Infomercials Self-Improvement plans …become a discriminating consumer!

1-54 The SELF-HELP Evaluation Problems to watch for… Psychobabble Circular definitions and solutions Absence of empirical backing Concrete solutions Look for … Clarity and soundness A plan, not a “miracle cure” or “quick fix” Scientific support of effectiveness …become a discriminating consumer!

1-55 Positive Qualities Another way to boost your happiness is to develop personal qualities that will help you enjoy life and cope with challenges. Psychologists have identified the following qualities: ability to love, vocation, courage, trust, optimism, future-mindedness, social skills, aesthetic sensibility, work ethic, honesty, emotional awareness, persistence, forgiveness, creative thinking, spirituality, self-esteem and wisdom. Success Secret Try new ways of thinking and doing.

1-56 Positive and Negative Emotions.

1-57 Understanding Yourself Self Your sense of being a unique, conscious being, the inner core of you. Self-Image All the beliefs you have about yourself. Areas in which you have self-images include: intellectual ability, competence, creativity, sense of humor, morality, romantic appeal, physical appearance, parental relationships, close friendships, and social acceptance.

1-58 Building A Healthy Self-Image A healthy self-image is positive but realistic. Makes the best of all the things you do well. Is based on who you are right now. Does not limit who you will be next week. A complex self-image means having a variety of positive ways to see yourself. Personal Journal 1.3 How Do You See Yourself? Activity 4: Wheel of Life

1-59 You and Your Social World Social Role Norms that define how you are supposed to behave in a given situation. Self-Preservation Altering your behavior to make a good impression of others. Activity 5: Sides of Yourself

1-60 Identity How you choose to define yourself to the world. Individual Identity The physical and psychological characteristics that distinguish you. Relational Identity How you identify yourself in relation to others. Collective Identity The sum of the social roles you play and the social groups to which you belong. Activity 6: Identify Profile

1-61 Culture, Gender and Identity Culture – the behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large social group, transmitted from one generation to the next. Western– individualism, Eastern-collectivism Gender Role – norms that define how males and females are supposed to behave. Gender Bias - treating someone differently or unfairly due to one’s gender.

1-62 Defining Your Role Researchers suggest that it is healthiest to have a combination of stereotypically masculine and feminine qualities. Some typical qualities: logical, assertive, sensitive, independent, gentle, compassionate. Success Secret Don’t put limits on what you can become.