Kingdom: FUNGI Chapter 19 UNIT 4 – Part 2: Protist & Fungi

FUNGI: Characteristics Eukaryotic HETEROTROPHS –External Digestion: secrete digestive enzymes then absorb food paritcles –SAPROPHYTES: obtain food from dead organisms –PARASITES: obtain food from living organisms No roots, stems, or leaves All are MULTICELLULAR –Except for YEAST (unicellular)

FUNGI: Structure HYPHAE: tiny filaments that make up multicellular fungi –Increases surface area (absorption) MYCELIUM: tangled mass of hyphae –Fungal Body (below ground) –Fruiting Body (reproductive structure) EX: Mushroom; Fruiting body is what we see CELL WALLS: Chitin in cell walls (chitin is found exoskeletons of insects)

FRUITING BODY MYCELIUM HYPHAE

FUNGI: Reproduction… most are BOTH asexual & sexual SPORES are found in almost every environment.. –But must be in right conditions to grow (warm, most, & nutrients) ASEXUAL –Cells or Hyphae break off and grow on own –Produce Spores which scatter and grow SPORANGOIPHORE: specialized hyphae SPORANGIA: produce spores, top of sporangoiphore SEXUAL –Two Mating Types ( + and - ) –GAMETANGIUM: opposite types join, produce gametes, fuse and form zygote; meiosis takes place

GREEN: Sporangiophores ORANGE: Sporangia BLUE: Spores

FUNGI: Classification Classified by Reproduction and Structure of Hyphae Four Phylum –Zygomycota –Ascomycota –Basidiomycota –Deuteromycota

Zygomycota & Ascomycota COMMON MOLDS (Zygomycota) –EX: Black Bread Mold (Rhizpus stolonifer) Dark fuzz that grows on bread in warm moist environments… RHIZOIDS (hyphae that anchor & digest bread) STOLONS (stem like that stretch across bread) SPORANGIOPHORES (form spores) SAC FUNGI (Ascomycota) –EX: Cup Fungi & Yeast Yeast are the only unicellular fungi; reproduce asexually by budding (forming asci or sac w/ spores)

BLACK BREAD MOLD CUP FUNGI

LIFE CYCLE: Bread Mold

Importances of Yeast Baking and Brewing Saccharomyces “sugar fungi” Nutrient rich environment w/out oxygen Alcoholic FERMENTATION to obtain energy Products: –Carbon Dioxide (beverages bubble and bread rise) –Alcohol (in bread evaporates and remains in beverages)

Basidiomycota & Deuteromycota CLUB FUNGI (Basidiomycota) –EX: Mushrooms (Puffballs & Rusts) CAP (fruiting body), GILLS (spore bearing structure on cap), STALK, & BASE –IMPORTANCES… Mushrooms - commercial crops & decomposers… many are also poisonous, some hallucinogenic Rusts & Smuts – plant parasites (corn smut) IMPERFECT FUNGI (Deuteromycota) –EX: Penicillim notatum… Mold that grows on fruit… Source of antibiotic Penicillin –Have never observed sexual phase of life cycle… therefore placed in own phylum

SHELF FUNGI “DEATH CAP” Most poisonous PENICILLIUM CORN SMUT

Ecological Impact DECOMPOSERS –Recycle nutrients; break down dead organisms DISEASES: Plants –15% crop loss in temperate regions (50% in tropical) DISEASES: Humans –ATHLETE’S FOOT and RINGWORM: mycelium infects outer layer of skin; easily spread –VAGINAL YEAST INFECTION and THRUSH: Yeast grows naturally in most regions of body but kept under control by bacteria and immune system Caused by antibiotic or weak immune system