China, The Indus Valley, and the Indo-Europeans Chapter 2, 3, and 4

IV. China China A. Geography Geography 1.Surrounded by mountains, deserts and plateaus 2.Contains 2 major rivers A. Yellow River  Got its name from the yellow silt left on the banks of the river after a flood B. Yangtze River  Found in central China C. The best farmland lies between these two rivers – land called the “Chinese Heart Land”~

IV. China D. Disadvantages 1.Flooding is unpredictable 2.Rivers change course 3.Natural boarders do not offer 100% protection 4.Natural boundries make outside trade difficult E. Advantages 1.Great farmland 2.Ample natural resources 3.People could be self-sufficient and were able to live in isolation~

IV. China B. Chinese Dynasties  Civilization will rise later than in Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the Indus Valley  The earliest civilization will emerge about 2000 BC 1.Xia a. First Chinese ruling family in a civilized China b. Established about 2000 BC c. Started by a man named Yu 1.Engineer and a mathematician 2.Gained power because he developed irrigation systems and flood control measures 3.Farming settlements established because of his improvements 4.His improvements led to food surpluses – population growth~

IV. China 2. Shang 1532 to 1027 BC  next dynasty  first to leave written records  built elaborate palaces and tombs  Anyang  Most important city also the capitol  Made almost completely of wood  Stood in a forest clearing  Higher classes lived in timber framed, brick houses within city walls  Peasants lived in hovels outside the city~

IV. China  Culture  Social Classes  Chinese sharply divided by class  Classes  Ruling / Nobel Class  made up of warriors  headed by the king  NOBELS Owned all land Governed the villages and cities Paid tribute (goods, crops, wealth) to king to maintain power~

IV. China  Artisans (developed during Zhou Dynasty)  made up of skilled workers  manufactured jewelry, weapons, religious items, ect.  worked for nobles  not quite peasants  had some wealth, but no power  Peasants  toiled the land  owned nothing~

IV. China  Family  central to Chinese society  based on children respecting parents and elders  patriarchal based  Father controlled all decisions  Women  At would enter in to an arranged marriage  Moved in with husband  Had to obey fathers, husbands, and eventually sons  To solidify marriage had to bare children  Person’s first priority to family, than to the king~

IV. China  Religion  closely linked to family  spirits of ancestors brought good or bad fortune to a family  spirits not gods, only troublesome or helpful entities  families made sacrifices to ancestors to honor them  had gods (polytheistic)  Shang Di supreme god  Priests talked to gods through oracle bones  Questions etched on turtle shells or animal bones  Priest would then crack the bone with a hot poker  To answer the question, the cracks were interpreted ~

IV. China  Writing  earliest evidence comes from oracle bones  Chinese characters stand for ideas not sounds  No link between spoken language and written language  Chinese written language uniform all over China  ADVANTAGE  Provided unity  Could speak one version of Chinese, but write in common language  DISADVANTAGE  too many symbols to memorize  Needed to know 1,000 characters to be literate  Needed to know 10,000 characters to be a scholar~

IV. China 3.Zhou Dynasty 1027 – 256 BC a. Overthrew the Shang by military force b. Established power through the Mandate of Heaven i.They believed the Shang were corrupt ii.The Shang fell out of favor with the gods iii.The gods (or Heaven) allowed the Zhou to overthrow the Shang c. Adopted most of Shang Culture d. Feudalism a.Zhou will establish by putting government in control of all land b.The land was given to family members and close friends (of the king) to manage~

IV. China 2. Economic Improvements  roads, and canals build that helped trade and stimulated the economy  created a new class of civil servants to help run the cities daily activities  started using iron to make weapons and tools  Farming became easier and more successful  able to protect cities better~

IV. China  Warring Era  first 300 years of Zhou Dynasty very peaceful  771 BC nomads from the north sacked Hao (capitol city)  king killed  some royals escaped  royal family lost all power  next 500 years pretended to rule  lords saw an opportunity to gain more power and wealth  cities started waging war on each other  traditional values fell into decline  China in a state of chaos~

IV. China  Qin Dynasty BC  Short lived dynasty, but very powerful  Employed Legalist ideas to unify and control China  In 221 BC leader took the name Shi Huangdi = “First Emperor” started Chinese kings being known as emperors  Shi Huangdi  Conquered a lot of territory and doubled the size of China  Solidified his power  destroyed the power of the rival nobles  required nobles to live in his capitol  created 38 administrative districts – sent his officials to administer  took away the nobles land holdings~

IV. China  murdered hundreds of Confucian scholars  censored all printed materials  created an autocracy – government where one leader is all powerful and uses the power in an arbitrary manor  Centralized the Government  built a network of highways over 4,000 miles  forced peasant to labor for the government  set standards for Chinese writing, law, currency, weights and measures  established irrigation projects to help water crops~

IV. China  The Great Wall  started building small walls in mountains on the northern boarder of China to protect country from invading nomads from the north  forced peasants to build walls – did not pay them  major goal was to connect the walls, did not happen till later on

IV. China  Results  trade boomed  new social class emerged – Middle Class  farm production increased  population increased  Qin Dynasty hated, because the were so controlling~

IV. China  Fall of Qin  Shi Huangdi’s son took control when his father died  also a cruel leader – equally hated by the people  the peasants rebelled  a group called the Han provided leadership to the rebellion  in 202 the Qin Dynasty fall – Han Dynasty took over  Han Dynasty~ Han Dynasty Han Dynasty

Table of Contents 22—Indus Valley Notes—12/4/13 Next--Get out a new sheet of notebook paper. At the top write: Indus Valley Notes, 12/4/13. EQ: How did the geography of the Indus Valley impact the growth of civilization?

III. The Indus Valley The Indus ValleyThe Indus Valley A.Geography Geography  Surrounded by a wall of mountains -> the Hindu Kush, Karakoram, and Himalaya Mountains  Area (India) referred to as a subcontinent  Mountains protect a flat, fertile plain  Fertile plain formed by two rivers _. Indus and Ganges  Plain stretches 1,500 miles  Have seasonal winds called monsoons  October to May = winter monsoons, dry season  June to August = spring monsoons, wet season~

III. The Indus Valley  DISADVANTAGES  Flooding occurs, but unpredictable  Monsoons can be devastating  ADVANTAGES  Mountains (highest in the world) provide protection from invasion  Indus river flows from Indian Ocean to Arabian Sea and provides great trade routes~

III. The Indus Valley  Emerging Civilizations  Evidence dates earliest human movement to about 7000 BC  Around 3200 BC farming villages developed around the Indus River  2500 BC first cities were emerging  more than 100 settlements uncovered  largest cities include Kalibangan, Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa  had sophisticated planning  cities laid out on precise grid system  each city had a citadel. Fortified area that contained major buildings of the city  cities had separate residential, business, and governmental areas  buildings well constructed and made of precise sun-dried bricks  had sophisticated plumbing and sewage systems~

III. The Indus Valley  Culture and Trade  Very stable civilization  Class distinction not strong because of uniform housing  Prosperous culture because toys and non essential found  Not a warlike society, because very few weapons found  RELIGION  early links to modern Hinduism found  representations of Shiva found  not a dominate part of life  TRADE  stamps and seals used to label goods  seals found in other cultures, Egypt, Sumer, ect.  trade very important part of life  Mohenjo Daro~ Mohenjo Daro Mohenjo Daro

III. The Indus Valley  Mysterious Ending  Around 1750 BC quality of buildings declines and cities fall into ruins  Scientists believe Indus River changed course which led to over use of the land and lack of water  People wore the land out  Around 1500 BC a sudden catastrophic (natural or human) took place  Completed the fall of the Indus cities success~

China

Indus Valley

Bookwork Read chapter 2, section 3 (pages 44-49) and complete questions 1, 3, 4, and 5 (p. 49). HOMEWORK IF NOT DONE!