Becoming a World Power Chapter 12
The Imperialist Vision A Desire for New Markets Imperialism – the economic and political domination of a strong nation over weaker nations Europe in a period of expansion and imperialism High tariffs reduced trade between industrial nations and forced them to seek new markets Advanced nations also sought places they could invest capital Protectorate – imperial powers allowed local rulers to stay in control
The Imperialist Vision Feeling of Superiority Social Darwinism – only the strongest nations would survive John Fiske – argued that English-speaking nations were superior and would dominate the planet (called Anglo-Saxonism) Josiah Strong – linked Anglo-Saxonism with Christian missionary ideas
The Imperialist Vision Expansion in the Pacific Forced trade with Japan beginning with naval expedition under Commodore Perry Japan changed from feudal nation to industrial power as result
The Imperialist Vision Annexing Hawaii Hawaii was base for ships going to China and whalers American missionaries arrived in early 1800’s Many Americans established sugar-cane plantations A treaty with the US established a naval base at Pearl Harbor
The Imperialist Vision Planters pressured Hawaiian king to accept less power The McKinley Tariff gave American sugar producers subsidies which made Hawaiian sugar more expensive causing the Hawaiian economy to fail Queen Liliuokalani took throne and tried to reduce influence of American planters
The Imperialist Vision The queen was overthrown by American planters who established provisional government Americans requested US annex Hawaii President Cleveland refused Hawaii eventually annexed under President McKinley
The Imperialist Vision Trade and Diplomacy in Latin America US wanted to establish more trade with Latin America Efforts were led by Secretary of State James Blaine Idea of US working with Latin America was called Pan-Americanism Although the Latin-Americans rejected the US offers they did join the Organization of American States (OAS)
The Imperialist Vision Building a Modern Navy As US became more involved in world affairs it became clear a modern navy was needed Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan argued in The Influence of Sea Power Upon History that any nation seeking to be great needed a navy and with it bases in the world to support it Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, a powerful Republican, helped support the building of a modern navy
The Spanish-American War Cuba rebelled against Spanish rule Jose Marti – Rebel leader who gathered support in the US Most Americans supported the Cuban rebels Dramatic stories in US newspapers recounted stories of Spanish atrocities William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer Yellow Journalism – exaggerated or made-up stories to attract readers
The Spanish-American War Spanish established concentration camps for peasants Cuban rebels attacked US business interests hoping US would intervene President McKinley sent the USS Maine to protect US interests in Havana in January 1898
The Spanish-American War February 1898 – a letter written by the Spanish ambassador to the US, Dupuy de Lome, insulting McKinley was printed in a US paper The USS Maine exploded in Havana harbor
The Spanish-American War Americans demanded war with Spain Jingoism – an attitude of aggressive nationalism Republicans especially strong for war – Theodore Roosevelt Cuba declared independence and US went to war
The Spanish-American War The US Navy, under Commodore Dewey, attacked the Spanish fleet at Manila Bay in the Philippines Americans occupied Philippines with help from Filipino guerrillas led by Emilio Aguinaldo
The Spanish-American War US Army unprepared for war Rough Riders – volunteer cavalry unit led by Leonard Wood and Theodore Roosevelt Battles of San Juan and Kettle Hills The 10th Cavalry – “Buffalo Soldiers”
The Spanish-American War As a result of Spain’s defeat the US gained Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines Many Americans against annexation of Philippines Filipinos rebelled against US – began long guerrilla war Philippines gained independence in 1946
The Spanish-American War How would US govern Puerto Rico? Foraker Act 1900 – made Puerto Rico an unincorporated territory ruled by Congress Puerto Rico today
The Spanish-American War What to do with Cuba? Cubans allowed to make constitution but US made conditions Platt Amendment Cuba could not make treaty with any other country Cuba had to allow US military bases US had the right to intervene in Cuban affairs
New American Diplomacy Election of 1900 – William Jennings Bryan versus William McKinley McKinley assassinated by Leon Czolgosz – Theodore Roosevelt becomes youngest president
New American Diplomacy Roosevelt strong on US power abroad US wanted strong Asian trade Europeans and Japan carving up spheres of influence - areas where foreigners controlled economic development
New American Diplomacy Open Door Policy US policy towards trade with China established by John Hay Wanted other countries not to interfere in China Wanted fair trade for all in China
New American Diplomacy The 1900 Boxer Rebellion Secret Chinese society formed to throw foreigners out of China Foreign nations worked together to put down rebellion
New American Diplomacy Roosevelt negotiated peace between Russia and Japan - received Nobel Prize Sent America’s Great White Fleet on tour of world
New American Diplomacy Panama Canal Hay-Pauncefote Treaty – US and Britain gave US right to build canal US bought out failed French canal company US backed Panamanian revolution with Colombia for canal
New American Diplomacy The Roosevelt Corollary Roosevelt and his “Big Stick” diplomacy Roosevelt’s interpretation of the Monroe Doctrine US would intervene in Latin America if stability in hemisphere was threatened “Speak softly but carry a big stick”
New American Diplomacy Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy President Taft wanted to help Latin American economy and therefore help the US Wanted to substitute “dollars for bullets” US still militarily intervened in Latin American affairs