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Protista & Fungi Unit Goals SB1: Students will analyze the nature of relationships between structures and functions in living cells. –a. Explain the role of cell organelles for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including the cell membrane, in maintaining homeostasis and cell reproduction. SB3: Students will derive the relationship between single-celled and multi-celled organisms and the increasing complexity of systems. –b. Compare how structures and function vary between the six kingdoms. –c. Examine the evolutionary basis of modern classification systems. –d. Compare and contrast viruses with living organisms. 2

Protista Domain: Eukarya Eukaryotic organisms 3

Endosymbiosis Evolution of Eukaryotic Organisms 4

Kingdom Protista Eukaryotic heterotrophic or autotrophic (or both) Single-Celled Have a Nucleus Can be pathogens Generally aquatic: Fresh or marine Multicellular 5 Lack complex organ systems

Kingdom Protista single celled organisms 6

Introduction to Kingdom Protista Video Clip

Method of Nutrition Animal-like Plant-like Fungi-like Heterotrophic Autotrophic Absorption 7

Plant-Like Animal-Like Fungi-Like 8 CLIP

Animal-Like Classified based on Means of Locomotion How they move 9

Method of Locomotion Pseudopodia “false” “foot” Flagella Cilia 10 cytoplasmic streaming

Move by Cillia Paramecium Helps regulate water level Locomotion Anal Pore Waste Removal Food Enters Contractile Vacuole Animation 11

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M o v e b y P s e u d o p o d s “ F a l s e F e e t ” 13

Move by Flagella -made of protein filaments 14

N o n - M o t i l e Cryptosporidium Plasmodium falciparum 15 Causes Malaria

M o s t u n i c e l l u l a r, b u t s o m e m u l t i c e l l u l a r A u t o t r o p h i c – c o n t a i n c h l o r o p h y l l & m a k e f o o d b y p h o t o s y n t h e s i s Plant-Like Range in size from microscopic to seaweeds hundreds of feet in length 16

Single celled algae Chlamydomonas Volvox Spirogyra 17

When the numbers of algae in a lake or a river increase explosively. When the numbers of algae in a lake or a river increase explosively. Algal Bloom Can be a result of an excess of nutrients Can decrease dissolved oxygen content 18 p509

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Multicellular 20

Euglena Detects light Most live in freshwater, but some live in moist soil & the digestive tracts of certain animals Contractile vacuole to pump out excess water Can be heterotrophic in the absence of light 21

Diatoms Have cell walls made of “glass” 22

Diatoms 23

Fungi-Like M u l t i c e l l u l a r, h e t e r o t r o p h i c L i t t l e t i s s u e s p e c i a l i z a t i o n U s u a l l y s m a l l & l i v e i n m o i s t o r w a t e r y h a b i t a t s A c t a s d e c o m p o s e r s b r e a k i n g d o w n d e a d o r g a n i c m a t t e r Slime molds water molds 24

Slime molds Feed by absorption- - break down dead organic matter May be saprophytes or parasites Make a reproductive structure or fruiting body that produces spores Often found on decaying wood or leaves 25

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Water Molds Phytophthora infestans caused blight in potatoes (Irish Potato Famine in 19th century) Aquatic water molds are parasites on fish forming furry growths on their gills May act as decomposers in water of dead plants & animals May be pathogenic to plants 27

Termites Symbiosis 28

Red tides are caused by population explosions of certain dinoflagellates that release a neurotoxin into the environment. Shellfish concentrate this toxin and it can kill people who eat the contaminated shellfish. 29 "harmful algal bloom"

Diseases caused by Protista

Protista Source of food Eukaryotic Human diseases Produce oxygen Plant Pathogen Auto or hetero Beginning of food chain Chemical and Medicines Termite Guts 30

Kingdom Protista Asexual Reproduction “Binary fission”: when an individual splits into 2 identical individuals. Fragmentation 31

Kingdom Protista Sexual Reproduction conjugation = when 2 individuals exchange micronuclei results in genetic mixing and “new” genotypes 32 Production of haploid gametes

Comparing Structures in Protists 33