ALCOHOL AND HEALTH Morten Grønbæk National Institute of Public Health Copenhagen, Denmark

Mortality -> Detrimental Effects:Cirrhosis, Cancer Positive Effects: Cardiovascular Disease Alcohol and Health

Mortality -> Detrimental Effects:Cirrhosis, Cancer Positive Effects: Cardiovascular Disease Alcohol and Health Somatic

Mortality -> Detrimental Effects:Cirrhosis, Cancer Positive Effects: Cardiovascular Disease Alcohol and Health Somatic Epidemiological evidence

Boffetta et al, Epidemiology 1990 Alcohol and mortality

Boffetta et al, Epidemiology 1990 Alcohol and mortality

Boffetta et al, Epidemiology 1990

0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 0< Alcohol, drinks per day Relative mortality All Cancer Coronary heart disease Boffetta et al, Epidemiology 1990 Alcohol and cause specific mortality

Alcohol intake, drinks per week Relative risk 35 Alcohol and alcoholic cirrhosis

Drinks per week Relative risk < > Alcohol and alcoholic cirrhosis Sex differences Men Women P < 0.05 Becker U et al., Hepatology 1996

Alcohol intake, drinks per day The Copenhagen Alcohol Cohort, N= Number of individuals Number of deaths from alcoholic cirrhosis Men, percent Kamper-Jørgensen M et al, J Hepatol 2004

Alcohol intake, drinks per day The Copenhagen Alcohol Cohort, N= Number of individuals Number of deaths from alcoholic cirrhosis Men, percent Kamper-Jørgensen M et al, J Hepatol 2004

Alcohol intake, drinks per day The Copenhagen Alcohol Cohort, N= Number of individuals Number of deaths from alcoholic cirrhosis Men, percent SMR, cirrhosis: Men 27 Women 35 Kamper-Jørgensen M et al, J Hepatol 2004

Alc cir Men, amount Kamper-Jørgensen M et al, J Hepatol 2004 The Copenhagen Alcohol Cohort

Men, duration Kamper-Jørgensen M et al, J Hepatol 2004 The Copenhagen Alcohol Cohort

Alcohol and Breast Cancer Copenhagen Centre for Prospective Population Studies Petri A et al, Alc Clin Exp Res 2004

Tjønneland A et al, Cancer Causes and Control 2003; 14: 277–284 Alcohol and Breast Cancer Diet Cancer and Health Study

Alcohol and Breast Cancer Pooled analysis Ellison RC, Am J Epidemiol 2001

Alcohol and Breast Cancer Dose-response or threshold?

Upper digestive tract cancer Relative risk Alcohol, drinks per week Grønbæk et al, BMJ 1998

Alcohol and mortality Boffetta et al, Epidemiology 1990

Alcohol and cardiovascular disease Clinical and experimental evidence: - High density lipoprotein (HDL) - Low density lipoprotein (LDL) - Platelet aggregation - Fibrinogen - Fibrinolysis - Blood pressure

Age, Sex, Genes Drinking pattern Factors influencing the association between alcohol and cardiovascular disease

Age, Sex, Genes Drinking pattern Factors influencing the association between alcohol and cardiovascular disease

Fuchs et al, NEJM 1995 Alcohol and mortality: Age Nurses’ Health Study

Fuchs et al, NEJM 1995 Alcohol and mortality: Age Nurses’ Health Study y y y 60+ y

Genetics: Alcohol dehydrogenase ADH3: Functional polymorphism causing an ~3 fold difference in activity p(ADH3  1 ) = 0.6 (fast allele) p(ADH3  2 ) = 0.4 (slow allele)

Hines et al. : NEJM: 2001 (fast) (slow) ADH, alcohol and myocardial infarction

Age, Sex, Genes Drinking pattern Factors influencing the association between alcohol and cardiovascular disease

Drinking pattern: Meal related alcohol intake Type of alcohol Binge vs steady intake Factors influencing the association between alcohol and cardiovascular disease

Alcohol intake consumed with meals and myocardial infarction Mukamal et al. NEJM 2003;348: Variable g/day g/day≥ 30.0 g/dayP value < 25% Relative risk 95% CI % Relative risk 95% CI ≥ 75% Relative risk 95% CI

Different alcoholic beverages and cardiovascular disease mortality 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 NeverMonthlyWeeklyDaily,1-2Daily,3-5 Beverage specific alcohol consumption Relative risk Wine Beer Spirits Grønbæk et al., BMJ 1995

Percent wine of alcohol intake Grønbæk et al Ann Int Med 2000; 133(6):

Grønbæk et al Ann Int Med; 133(6): Alcohol, wine and mortality from CHD Non-wine drinkers Wine drinkers

Grønbæk et al Ann Int Med; 133(6): Alcohol, wine and mortality from cancer

Type of alcohol and mortality British Regional Heart Study

Alcohol, wine and alcoholic cirrhosis P < Becker U et al., Hepatology 2002

Type of alcohol and upper digestive tract cancer Grønbæk et al. BMJ 1998 Wine, %

Differences in morbidity and mortality among drinkers of beer, wine and spirits Components? Flavonoids, polyphenols, nitrosamines Confounders? Lifestyle factors, social class, diet

Nielsen et al. J Int Med 2004;255:280-8 Wine Intake, Social Status and Mortality Copenhagen City Heart Study

Diet, Cancer, and Health Study, Denmark, 1996 Odds ratios for having an intake above the median of different foods according to preferred alcoholic beverage Tjønneland et al. Am J Clin Nutr 1999

Drinking pattern: Meal related alcohol intake Type of alcohol Binge vs steady intake Factors influencing the association between alcohol and cardiovascular disease

Drinking pattern: Binge vs steady intake Factors influencing the association between alcohol and cardiovascular disease - and all-cause mortality

Drinking pattern and CVD Frequency of drinkingAlcohol intake / drinking day Days / week<10.0 g g  30.0 g <11.00 (ref) ( ) 0.93 ( ) 0.84 ( ) ( ) 0.67 ( ) 0.71 ( ) ( ) 0.68 ( ) 0.63 ( ) Mukamal et al., N Engl J Med 2003

Drinking pattern and CHD mortality McElduff, BMJ 1997 Days per week Don’t drinkRarely< 11 or 23 or 45 or 6Daily Drinks per day Don’t drink to to to >

Cancer, Diet and Health Study N= Alcohol intake, drinks per week 1 to 67 to 1314 to 21More than 21 Characteristics*FrequentNon- frequent FrequentNon- frequent FrequentNon- frequent FrequentNon- frequent Subjects (number)9,30511,29812, , Sex (% men) Alcohol intake (median drinks per week) Age (mean years)

Alcohol drinking pattern and mortality Tolstrup et al, Addiction 2003

More evidence ? Alcohol – positive and negative ’effects’

More evidence ? Intervention study? Alcohol – positive and negative ’effects’

What will changes in alcohol intake mean for subsequent mortality?

Changes in alcohol intake and mortality?

Changes in alcohol intake and mortality Grønbæk et al., Epidemiology 2004;15(2):222-8 Alcohol intake, first examination, drinks per week Alcohol intake, second examination, drinks per week Number of subjects< > 13 < 12, ,4352, , > ,018 Copenhagen Centre for Prospective Population Studies N = 30,630 participants

Changes in alcohol intake and mortality Grønbæk et al., Epidemiology 2004;15(2):222-8 Alcohol intake, first examination, drinks per week Alcohol intake, second examination, drinks per week Number of subjects< > 13 < 12, ,4352, , > ,018 Copenhagen Centre for Prospective Population Studies N = 30,630 participants

Changes in alcohol intake and mortality Stable intake Grønbæk et al.,Epidemiology 2004;15(2):222-8

Changes in alcohol intake and CHD mortality Stable intake Grønbæk et al.,Epidemiology 2004;15(2):222-8

Changes in alcohol intake and mortality Grønbæk et al., Epidemiology 2004;15(2):222-8 Alcohol intake at first examination Alcohol intake at second examination < > 13 < †0.94 ( )1.04 ( )1.26 ( ) ( )1.00 †1.00 ( )1.21 ( ) ( )0.91 ( )1.00 †1.21 ( ) > ( )1.01 ( )0.89 ( )1.00 †

Changes in alcohol intake and CHD mortality Grønbæk et al., Epidemiology 2004;15(2):222-8 Alcohol intake at first examination Alcohol intake at second examination < > 13 < †0.71 ( )0.92 ( )0.56 ( ) ( )1.00 †0.79 ( )0.38 ( ) ( )0.76 ( )1.00 †1.09 ( ) > ( )1.15 ( )1.05 ( )1.00 †

Summary Alcohol and morbidity/mortality Lower risk among light drinkers of any alcohol Possibly interaction with: Age, sex and genetics factors Drinking pattern: Beer, wine, spirits Binge vs steady drinking