Nutrition Through the Life Cycle Infant Nutrition

Caloric Needs Birth–3 months –102 kcals/kg 4-6 months –82 kcals/kg 7-12 months –80 kcals/kg months –82 kcal/kg

Breastfeeding The preferred feeding for all infants. –The American Academy of Pediatrics Many benefits

Benefits of Breastfeeding Optimal amounts of protein, carbohydrate, and fat Protection against infection and allergies Low risk of contamination Reduced incidence of: diarrhea, ear infections and necrotizing enterocolitis, etc. Increased bonding between mother and infant Earlier return to pre-pregnancy weight

Rates of Breastfeeding in the U.S. In 2007 –74% of mothers initiated breastfeeding –42% continued to 6 months In 2001 –69.5% of mothers initiated breastfeeding –32% continued to 6 months

Rates of Breastfeeding in the U.S. Lower rates among: –Less educated individuals –Single, young, or employed –African American & Hispanic populations

The Healthy People 2010 Goals Achieve initiation rates of 75% Rates of breastfeeding at 6 months of 50% Rates of breastfeeding at 12 months of 25%

Formulas Appropriate substitute for feeding Available in 3 forms: –Ready to feed –Concentrated liquid –Powder

Formulas Cont. Standard Cow Milk based Soy Protein hydrolysate Amino Acid based Follow-up formulas Cow milk

Transition to Solid Foods Start with rice cereal Then vegetables & fruits Introduce only one new food at a time Wean from breast or bottle around 1 year old

Introduction of Solids

Transition to Table Foods From 12 to 24 months old –Increase variety of table foods –Increase texture of foods ( from puree to chunky to small pieces)

Feeding 12–24 months Milk and Milk Products 4 servings Meat and Protein Foods 2 servings Breads, Cereals and Starches 4 or more servings Fruits and Vegetable 4 or more servings Fats and Oils 3 servings 4-6 ounces whole milk and milk products ½ -1 ounce meat or egg ¼ cup legumes ½ - 1 slice bread, ¼ - ½ cup cereal, rice or pasta 3 ounces juice (limit to one serving) and 1-2 tablespoons fruits and vegetables Do not limit

Foods to Avoid Peanut butter, shell fish, and honey Chocking hazards: nuts, raw carrots, popcorn, round candy, hot dogs and grapes

Growth By 1 year: –Birth wt. triples –Length increases 50% Monitored closely Growth charts –Boys/Girls Birth-36 month –Boys/Girls 2-20 years –Syndrome specific

"To eat is a necessity, but to eat intelligently is an art." - La Rochefoucauld This material was funded by USDA’s Food Stamp Program through the California Department of Public Health’s Network for a Healthy California. These institutions are equal opportunity providers and employers. The Food Stamp Program provides nutrition assistance to people with low income. It can help buy nutritious foods for a better diet. For information on the Food Stamp Program, call