Key Questions What impact did the First World War have on cultural and artistic trends? What impact did the First World War have on cultural and artistic trends? What role did mass culture and leisure have on society and government control? What role did mass culture and leisure have on society and government control? Themes—alienation, disillusionment, irrational, subjective, consciousness, escapism, consumerism Themes—alienation, disillusionment, irrational, subjective, consciousness, escapism, consumerism

The Shock of the Modern— High and Mass Culture Disillusionment and Denial,

Roaring Twenties Shift in morals Shift in morals Jazz and dance halls Jazz and dance halls Influence of U.S. Influence of U.S. Josephine Baker Josephine Baker Consumerism and advertising Consumerism and advertising Buying on credit Buying on credit New media (radio, movies, etc.) New media (radio, movies, etc.) New fashion styles— challenge traditional gender roles New fashion styles— challenge traditional gender roles

Radio and Film New tool for governments, esp. dictatorships New tool for governments, esp. dictatorships BBC and Volksempfänger BBC and Volksempfänger Goebbels and Triumph of the Will Goebbels and Triumph of the Will Charlie Chaplin and Fritz Lang—critiques of technology Charlie Chaplin and Fritz Lang—critiques of technology

Mass Leisure Organized sports— gymnastics, soccer, World Cup Organized sports— gymnastics, soccer, World Cup 1936 Olympics 1936 Olympics Air travel and tourism Air travel and tourism Automobiles Automobiles Dopolovaro and Kraft durch Freude— regimentation of leisure for state purposes Dopolovaro and Kraft durch Freude— regimentation of leisure for state purposes

Intellectual Life Sense of disillusionment and alienation Sense of disillusionment and alienation Reaction to WWI Reaction to WWI Oswald Spengler, Decline of the West Oswald Spengler, Decline of the West Openness about sex and birth control Openness about sex and birth control “Weimar Culture” (Berlin)—Cabinet of Dr. Caligari “Weimar Culture” (Berlin)—Cabinet of Dr. Caligari Nazi reaction— ”degenerate art” Nazi reaction— ”degenerate art” exiles exiles

Expression(ism) Emotional attitude toward subject Emotional attitude toward subject Grosz, Dix, Beckmann, Dada— Hoch, Tzara Grosz, Dix, Beckmann, Dada— Hoch, Tzara

Expression(ism) II

Abstraction I Formal structure Formal structure Reduce reality to essential elements of light and color Reduce reality to essential elements of light and color Picasso, Stella, Miro, Leger, Demuth, Mondrian Picasso, Stella, Miro, Leger, Demuth, Mondrian

Abstraction II

Fantasy I Use of imagination Use of imagination Spontaneous and irrational Spontaneous and irrational Influence of Freud Influence of Freud Klee, Dali, Chirico Klee, Dali, Chirico

Fantasy II

Architecture and Sculpture Modern style—form follows function Modern style—form follows function Essential elements—steel, concrete, glass Essential elements—steel, concrete, glass “Boxes with windows” “Boxes with windows” Bauhaus & Wright Bauhaus & Wright Henry Moore

Literature and Music “Stream of consciousness” style—Proust, Joyce, Faulkner, Woolf, Hesse, Kafka, T.S. Eliot “Stream of consciousness” style—Proust, Joyce, Faulkner, Woolf, Hesse, Kafka, T.S. Eliot Lost Generation in U.S.—Hemingway, Fitzgerald Lost Generation in U.S.—Hemingway, Fitzgerald All Quiet on the Western Front All Quiet on the Western Front Weill, Threepenny Opera Weill, Threepenny Opera Atonal music and serialism—Stravinsky and Schoenberg Atonal music and serialism—Stravinsky and Schoenberg

Psychology Influence of Freud Influence of Freud Ideas seemed confirmed— Civilization and Its Discontents Ideas seemed confirmed— Civilization and Its Discontents Carl Jung and “collective unconscious” Carl Jung and “collective unconscious” Increased importance of psychoanalysis Increased importance of psychoanalysis

“Heroic Age of Physics” Influence of quantum theory and Einstein Influence of quantum theory and Einstein Rutherford and atoms Rutherford and atoms Heisenberg “uncertainty principle” Heisenberg “uncertainty principle” First atom split in Germany in 1938 First atom split in Germany in 1938 University of Chicago—1 st chain reaction in 1942 (Fermi) University of Chicago—1 st chain reaction in 1942 (Fermi)