1. The Rise of Totalitarianism 1919-1939
Chapter 13
The Rise of Totalitarianism

2. Background from Ch. 12 Nationalism and Revolution Around the World
Latin America
Mexican Revolution
Increased nationalism and independence
Led to improved relations between US and Latin America
Africa and the Middle East
Africans resist colonial rule, “Africa for Africans”
Egypt gains independence
Turkey and Persia modernize
Arab Nationalism – oil!!! [Syria, Jordan, Iraq, Egypt, Algeria, Morocco]
Beginning of the Israel-Palestine conflict
India
Sought self rule and independence
Gandhi 
China
Struggles with new ideas, tries to strengthen itself
Accepts help from Soviet Union, embraces Communism
Japanese invasion, Pearl Harbor, allies with US
Japan
Growth and expansion after WW1
Liberalism spreads, but the peasants were still poor, leading to Marxist ideas
Tries to gain power and control in China, allies with Germany and Italy
1940 – signs alliance, leads to WW2

3. 13-1: Post War Social Changes
Changes in Society after WW1
Optimism has been shattered all over the world
Modern technology helped unify people
The Roaring Twenties
Introduction of jazz, US experienced a boom time while Europe recovered from the war, “flappers”
Women’s Lives
Despite the existence of flappers, women saw limited progress. A few elected to office, technology helped with housework, women pursued careers outside the home
Reactions to the Jazz Age
Not everyone was a fan, “prohibition” and 18th Amendment led to “speakeasies” and organized crime
Christian Fundamentalism/Scopes Trial

4. The New Literature Chart on page 422 A Loss of Faith
Many writers saw the war as a moral breakdown, and moved away (mostly to Paris), the “lost generation” – T.S. Eliot, Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald
Literature of the Inner Mind
Writers experiment with stream of consciousness – Virginia Woolf, James Joyce
The “Harlem Renaissance”
African American writers (including Zora Neale Hurston and Langston Hughes) and artists express pride in their unique culture

5. New Scientific Theories
Marie Curie and Radioactivity
Early 1900s
Einstein’s Theory of Relativity (1905 and 1916)
Used to create the atomic bomb (by Enrico Fermi, J. Robert Oppenheimer, Edward Teller)
Einstein argued that the measurements of time and space were not absolute
Fleming Discovers Penicillin
1928 – accidentally discovered a mold that killed bacteria, and his work led to modern antibiotics
Freud Probes the Mind
Challenged faith in reason
Sigmund Freud pioneered “psychoanalysis”

6. Modern Art and Architecture
New Directions in Painting
Many Western artists rejected traditional/realistic styles
Introduction of “abstract” (no recognizable subject matter), “dada” (rejects all traditional conventions, and “surrealism” (rejects rational thought)
Picasso pg. 426
New Styles of Architecture
Bauhaus School in Germany
Frank Lloyd Wright in the US

7. Looking Ahead
“Stunned by the trauma of World War I, many people sought to change the way they thought and acted during the turbulent 1920s. As nations recovered from the war, people began to feel hope rising out of their disillusionment. But soon, the “lost generation” would face a new crisis—this one economic—that would revive many old problems and spark new conflicts.”