CHAPTER 1 SECTION 2: THE EUROPEAN WORLD

DRIVEN BY A DESIRE FOR WEALTH & A SENSE OF DUTY TO SPREAD THEIR RELIGION

THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES AD MEDIEVAL PERIOD EUROPEAN INVASIONS –GERMAN FRANKS SETTLED ACROSS EUROPE –VIKINGS LOOTED & BURNED VILLAGES –MUSLIMS SOUGHT TO SPREAD THEIR RELIGION

FEUDALISM POWERFUL NOBLE OR LORD DIVIDED HIS LARGE LANDHOLDINGS AMONG LESS LORDS, WHO IN RETURN OWED HIM MILITARY SERVICE & OTHER SERVICES BASIS WAS THE MANOR (LARGE ESTATE OF THE LORD)

PEASANTS (SERFS) FARMED THE LAND & GAVE THEIR LORD A PORTION OF THE HARVEST IN EXCHANGE FOR SHELTER & PROTECTION –FORBIDDEN TO LEAVE EUROPEAN FOREIGN TRADE DIED OUT

MEDIEVAL RELIGION ROMAN CATHOLIC POPE HAD AUTHORITY OVER EMPERORS & KINGS CLERGY PERFORMED RELIGIOUS CEREMONIES, OWNED LARGE PLOTS OF LAND & WERE LORDS OF MANORS ONLY EDUCATED PEOPLE IN EUR.

EVERY CHRISTIAN WAS EXPECTED TO SHOW UNQUESTIONING OBEDIENCE TO CHURCH AUTHORITY

THE LATE MIDDLE AGES NEW FARMING METHODS LED TO MORE POPULATION & COMPETITION FOR LAND NEW TRADE ROUTES TO ASIA

THE CRUSADES MUSLIMS SEIZED JERUSALEM (PREVIOUSLY SHARED) CHURCH ORGANIZED A SERIES OF MILITARY CAMPAIGNS TO TAKE JERUSALEM BACK (FAILED)

IMPACT- INCREASED EUROPEAN AWARENESS OF THE WORLD BEYOND THEIR BORDERS & ACCELERATED ECONOMIC CHANGE CRUSADERS BROUGHT BACK SPICES, PERFUMES, FABRICS FROM ASIA MARCO POLO WENT TO CHINA

THE GROWTH OF CITIES MERCHANTS SOLD THEIR FOREIGN GOODS AT FARES SET UP ALONG WATER & TRADE ROUTES GREW INTO CITIES & TOWNS IN NORTHERN ITALY & FRANCE

THREE EFFECTS –CREATED A MIDDLE CLASS –REVIVED A MONEY ECONOMY –CONTRIBUTED TO THE EVENTUAL BREAKDOWN OF THE FEUDAL SYSTEM

THE RISE OF MONARCHS ATTRACTED THE LOYALTY OF THE MIDDLE CLASS BY PROTECTING TRADE ROUTES & KEEPING THE PEACE OFTEN LED TO CLASHES BETWEEN KINGS OR NOBLES KING JOHN OF ENGLAND WAS FORCED TO SIGN THE MAGNA CARTA IN 1215 “GREAT CHARTER”

THE RISE OF UNIVERSITIES NEEDED PEOPLE TO RUN GOVERNMENTS OR IN CHURCH ANCIENT WRITINGS WERE TRANSLATED INTO LATIN

THE “BLACK DEATH” 1300’S “THE PLAGUE” KILLED 1/3 OF EUROPE’S POPULATION CARRIED BY FLEAS ON RATS CAUSED STARVATION, RIOTS, & ECONOMIC COLLAPSE CAME A LOSS OF RELIGIOUS FAITH, PEOPLE BEGAN DOUBTING CHURCH TEACHINGS

THE RENAISSANCE “REBIRTH” ENORMOUS CREATIVITY & RAPID CHANGE THE PURSUIT OF LEARNING –QUEST FOR KNOWLEDGE (ART, LITERATURE, SCIENCE, PHILOSOPHY, ECONOMICS, & POLITICAL THOUGHT)

MICHELANGELO, DA VINCI, & SHAKESPEARE BROUGHT ORDER & UNITY TO EUROPE BEGAN USING REASON & EXPERIMENTATION TO UNDERSTAND THE PHYSICAL WORLD

CULTURAL CHANGES IN ITALY STUDIED THE ARTS BECAME GENEROUS SUPPORTERS OF THEM

A GOLDEN AGE EXPLORED THE PHYSICAL WORLD & THE INDIVIDUAL ROLE IN IT –HUMANISM

THE PRINTING PRESS JOHANN GUTENBERG –FIRST BOOK WAS THE BIBLE –COMMUNICATION REVOLUTION

THE REFORMATION MARTIN LUTHER LED THE REFORMATION –DECLARED THE BIBLE WAS THE TRUE AUTHORITY PROTESTANTS- PROTESTED CATHOLIC AUTHORITY

THE RISE OF NATIONS GOVERNMENT BY LOCAL NOBLES & THE CHURCH DECLINED EUROPE THOUGHT OF THEMSELVES AS MEMBERS OF NATIONS

SEAFARING TECHNOLOGY COMPETITION FOR ASIAN TRADE REACH BY LAND NEW TECHNOLOGY- COMPASS, ASTROLABE, & QUADRANT

PORTUGAL TAKES TO THE SEAS PRINCE HENRY “THE NAVIGATOR” ESTABLISHED A MARINERS SCHOOLS DEVELOPED THE CARAVEL BARTHOLOMEU DIAS SAILED AROUND THE SOUTHERN TIP OF AFRICA “CAPE OF GOOD HOPE”

1497- VASCO DA GAMA SAILED TO INDIA

COMPETITION TO THE SEAS FERDINAND & ISABELLA OF SPAIN –LAUNCHED THE INQUISITION GOAL WAS TO DISCOVER & PUNISH JEWS & MUSLIMS WHO WERE POSING AS CHRISTIANS ALL JEWS REFUSING TO BE BAPTIZED WERE EXPELLED FROM SPAIN

GOALS –SURPASS PORTGUAL IN THE SEA RACE –BRING CHRISTIANITY TO NEW LANDS