GENETIC ENGINEERING AND CANCER: WHERE ARE WE? RIKI SHENKAR

ANGIOGENESIS-INHIBITING BACTERIA ONE OF THE MOST DIFFICULT ISSUES IN CANCER TREATMENT—TUMORS OFTEN GROW TOO QUICKLY TO TREAT ANGIOGENESIS—THE FORMATION OF NEW BLOOD VESSELS, IN THIS CASE, BY TUMORS BACTERIA THAT COULD INHIBIT THIS PROCESS COULD BE ENORMOUSLY BENEFICIAL Ubooks.pub

APOPTOSIS-INDUCING BACTERIA APOPTOSIS—PROGRAMMED CELL SUICIDE IN CANCER, PROTEINS THAT CONTROL APOPTOSIS ARE OFTEN MUTATED BACETRIA THAT CAN INDUCE APOPTOTIC RESPONSES COULD CAUSE CANCER CELLS TO KILL THEMSELVES Yourcancertoday.com

APOPTOSIS-INDUCING BACTERIA CONT'D MANY DIFFERENT BACTERIA HAVE BEEN FOUND TO INDUCE APOPTOSIS IN HOST CELLS, INCLUDING: -PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA -NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS -AHAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZA -LEGIONELLA PNEUMOPHILA -MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS -STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE

IMMUNOTHERAPY VERY BROAD CATERGORY OF NEW AND EXCITING TREATMENTS HARNESSING THE BODIES IMMUNE SYSTEM TO FIGHT DISEASES SUCH AS CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPEUTIC DRUGS ARE ALREADY ON THE MARKET AND MORE ARE BEING STUDIED MANY TYPES OF IMMUNOTHERAPEUTIC DRUGS TO FIGHT CANCER INCLUDING: -MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES (MABS) -CANCER VACCINES -NON-SPECIFIC IMMUNOTHERAPY

MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES MAN-MADE VERSIONS OF IMMUNE SYSTEM PROTEINS DIFFERENT TYPES: -NAKED MABS -CONJUGATED MABS -BISPECIFIC MABS

NAKED MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES WORK BY THEMSELVES, WITHOUT A DRUG OR SOMETHING RADIOACTIVE ATTACHED TO THEM MOST COMMONLY USED MABS FOR CANCER BIND TO ANTIGENS ON CANCEROUS (OR SOMETIMES NON CANCEROUS) CELLS ONCE BOUND, NAKED MABS USE DIFFERENT METHODS TO ENABLE IMMUNE SYSTEM TO TARGET AND DESTROY CANCER CELLS

CONJUGATED MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES BOUND TO ANOTHER DRUG, A TOXIN, OR RADIOACTIVE PARTICLES TAKE THE DRUG DIRECTLY TO THE CANCER CELL— TRANSPORTERS FOR CANCER-KILLING MEDICATIONS USEFUL FOR MINIMIZING EFFECTS ON NON- CANCEROUS CELLS FALL INTO CATEGORIES BASED ON WHAT THEY TRANSPORT: -CHEMOLABELED -RADIOLABELED

BISPECIFIC MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES MADE UP OF TWO MABS SO THEY ARE ABLE TO TARGET MORE THAN ONE PROTEIN AT THE SAME TIME E.G BLINATUMOMAB (AKA BLINCYTO) PART OF THIS DRUG BINDS TO THE CD19 PROTEIN(PROTEIN FOUND ON SOME LEUKEMIA AND LYMPHOMA CELLS), WHILE ANOTHER PART BINDS TO CD3, A PROTEIN FOUND ON T CELLS THIS ALLOWS BLINATUMOMAB TO BRING THE CANCER CELLS AND T CELLS TOGETHER

CANCER VACCINES MANY DIFFERENT TYPES AS SOME CANCERS ARE CAUSED BY VIRUSES, CERTAIN VACCINES THAT PREVENT VIRUSES CAN PREVENT CANCER AS WELL E.G VACCINES FOR HEPATITIS B CAN ALSO HELP PREVENT LIVER CANCER VACCINES TO TREAT CANCER—TRY TO GET THE IMMUNE SYSTEM TO ATTACK CANCER CELLS CAUSE THE IMMUNE SYSTEM TO ATTACK CELLS WITH SPECIFIC ANTIGENS SINCE THE IMMUNE SYSTEM HAS SPECIAL CELLS FOR MEMORY, THE HOPE IS FOR THE VACCINES TO LAST A LONG TIME onclive.com

NON-SPECIFIC IMMUNOTHERAPY TARGETS CANCER CELLS INDIRECTLY DIFFERENT TYPES, INCLUDING: -CYTOKINES -TARGET IMMUNE SYSTEM CHECKPOINTS -BOOST IMMUNE SYSTEM BUT ARE NOT NATURALLY FOUND IN THE BODY

CYTOKINES PROTEINS AND SIGNAL MOLECULES MADE BY SOME IMMUNE SYSTEM CELLS ESSENTIAL IN CONTROLLING THE GROWTH AND BEHAVIOR OF IMMUNE AND BLOOD CELLS DIFFERENT TYPES OF CYTOKINES THAT WORK AS NON-SPECIFIC IMMUNOTHERAPIES INCLUDE: -INTERLEUKINS -INTERFERONS -GRANULOCYTE-MACROPHAGE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR (GM-CSF)

TARGET IMMUNE SYSTEM CHECKPOINTS IMMUNE SYSTEM CHECKPOINTS REFER TO MOLECULES THAT MUST BE ACTIVATED OR DEACTIVATED FOR IMMUNE SYSTEM TO RESPOND CANCER CELLS USE THESE CHECKPOINTS TO AVOID ATTACK BY ANTI-CANCER DRUGS DRUGS THAT TARGET IMMUNE SYSTEM CHECKPOINTS INCLUDE DRUGS THAT TARGET: -CTLA-4 (E.G IPILIMUMAB) -PD-1 OR PDL-1 NAKED MABS CAN BE USED TO ADMINISTER DRUGS THAT TARGET IMMUNE SYSTEM CHECKPOINTS

BOOST IMMUNE SYSTEM; NOT NATURALLY FOUND IN BODY DRUGS THAT HELP BOOST THE IMMUNE SYSTEM BUT ARE NOT NATURALLY FOUND IN THE BODY, INCLUDING: -THALIDOMIDE -LENALIDOMIDE -POMALIDOMIDE -BACILLE CALMETTE-GUÉRIN (BCG) -IMIQUIMOD

ONCOLYTIC VIROTHERAPY THERAPY USING REPLICATION-COMPETENT VIRUSES TO ATTACK CANCER CELLS

AN IDEAL ONCOLYTIC VIROTHERAPY WOULD MEET THESE CRITERIA: GeneLux

HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER TRANSFER OF GENES FROM BETWEEN ORGANISMS IN A MANNER OTHER THAN TRADITIONAL REPRODUCTION INTRODUCE OR REPLACE GENES OR GENETIC SEQUENCES TO REPLACE MUTATED GENES THAT CODE FOR MUTATED PROTEINS E.G REPLACE A MUTATED P53 TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE WITH A NEW P53 GENE

GENETIC ENGINEERING AND CANCER: WHERE COULD WE GO?

SOME OF MY IDEAS: PHOSPHORYLATION-BINDING BACTERIA UBIQUITYLATION-BINDING BACTERIA WHITE BLOOD CELL PROTECTION