1. CONCEPTS OF INFLAMMATION AND THE IMMUNE RESPONSE

2. IMMUNITY  Purpose of inflammation and immunity  Neutralize, eliminate or destroy organisms that invade internal environment  Healthy self cells are distinguished from non-self cells by immune system cells

4. SELF AND NON-SELF CELLS  Body can only defend against an invader if it is able to distinguish between its own cells (self) and those of an invader (non- self)  Each cell in the body carries on its surface the same distinct marker for selfness

5. SELF AND NON-SELF CELLS  Tissue introduced into a person (i.e. transplant) will be recognized as non-self  Key feature of the immune system is its ability to recognize self against non-self cells. If this does not occur can lead to autoimmune disorders where the immune system attacks self cells

6. HUMAN LEUKOCYTE ANTIGENS  Universal Product Code—proteins found on the surface of all body cells of an individual  Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLAs) are proteins responsible for each individual’s universal product code. Their function is to transport antigens from within the cell to the cell surface

7. HLAs  Immune System uses the HLAs to differentiate between self and non-self cells. Any cells displaying that person’s HLA type belongs to that person (and is not an invader)  HLAs is dependent on which genes are inherited by parents

8.  Self -Tolerance—Ability to recognize self vs. non-self cells. Necessary to prevent healthy body cells from being destroyed along with invaders  Antigen (antibody generation) is a specific foreign protein that prompts the generation of antibodies. Antigens specify tissue type of person

9. FACTORS AFFECTING IMMUNE SYSTEM FUNCTION  Nutritional Status  Environmental Conditions  Therapeutic Agents  Presence of Disease  Age  Genetics  Certain viruses

10. IMMUNE SYSTEM CELLS AND HORMONES  Stem Cells  Maturation  Leukocytes (Table 23-1, Page 364)  Actions  Recognize self vs. non-self  Phagocytic destruction  Lytic destruction  Production of antobodies  Production of cytokines

11. THE THREE DIVISIONS OF IMMUNITY  INFLAMMATION  ANTIBODY- MEDIATED IMMUNITY  CELL- MEDIATED IMMUNITY

13. INFLAMMATION  Process by which the body utilizes WBCs and chemicals to provide immediate protection from infection and foreign substances  Nonspecific immune response  Can rid body of harmful organisms  Tissue damage may result from chronic inflammation

14. INFLAMMATION  WHAT DISEASES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH INFLAMMATION?  WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS OF INFLAMMATION?  WHAT CAUSES THE SYMPTOMS OF INFLAMMATION?  WHAT MEDICATIONS ARE USED TO TREAT INFLAMMATION?

15. TYPES OF CELLS INVOLVED IN INFLAMMATION  NEUTROPHILS  SEGS, BANDS  MACROPHAGES  EOSINOPHILS  BASOPHILS

16. PROGRESSIOM FROM BAND TO SEG

18. PHAGOCYTOSIS  Key process of inflammation  Cellular process of engulfing solid particles such as bacteria and cell debris and removing them  Rids the body of debris after tissue injury

19. PHAGOCYTOSIS—SEVEN STEPS  EXPOSURE AND INVASION  ATTRACTION  ADHERENCE  RECOGNITION  CELLULAR INGESTION  PHAGOSOME FORMATION  DEGRADATION

21. INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE SEQUENCE  Stage I- Vascular (change in blood vessel  Phase I rapid blood vessel constriction  Phase II hyperemia, edema  Stage II- Cellular Exudate increase in circulating neutrophils, formation of pus  Stage III- Tissue Repair and Replacement

22. ANTIBODY-MEDIATED IMMUNITY  Antibody—a protein (gammaglobulin) that forms to defend the body from a specific antigen (foreign substance), such as chemical agents, virus particles, and bacterial toxins  All antibodies are gammaglobulins (also called immunoglobulins)  Globulin is a protein in a globular shape  Globular proteins provide immunity  Resulting term is immumoglobulin

23. AMI  Antigen-Antibody Reactions  Destroy, eliminate, neutralize foreign proteins  Long lasting immune reaction  Entire immune system must function adequately for optimal AMI

24. AMI  CELLS INVOLVED IN AMI  B-cells  Macrophages  T-Lymphocytes  B-Cells  Start as stem cells from bone marrow  Produce antibodies to specific foreign protein  Develop in lymphocytic tissue  Produce antibodies

25. AMI

26. ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY INTERACTIONS  EXPOSURE  ANTIGEN RECOGNITION  LYMPHOCYTIC SENSITIVATION  ANTIBODY PRODUCTION AND RELEASE  ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY BINDING  ANTIBODY BINDING ACTIONS  SUSTAINED IMMUNITY: MEMORY

27. ANTIBODY TYPES  IMMUNOGLOBULINS ARE CLASSIFIED BY SIZE, TIMING, AND ASSOCIATION  IgA  IgD  IgE

28.  IgG  IgM

29. ACQUIRED ANTIBODY MEDIATED IMMUNITY  Innate-native Immunity  Adaptive Immunity  Active Immunity

30. ACQUIRED ANTIBODY MEDIATED IMMUNITY  Nature Active Immunity  Artificial Active Immunity  Passive Immunity

31. CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY  Provided by mature lymphocyte stem cells  Helps protect the body by differentiating self from non-self cells. Cells most easily recognized by CMI are cancer cells and those cells inflicted by organisms that live in the host cell

32. CMI  T-lymphocytes (T-cells)  Helper-Inducer T- Cells  Suppressor T-cells  Cytotoxic/Cytolytic T-Cells  Natural Killer Cells

33. CYTOKINES  Small, secreted proteins which regulate immunity, inflammation, and hematopoiesis  Act by binding to specific membrane receptors, which then signal the cell to alter its behavior, causing a change in function of the target cell.  Many different types of cells can produce the same cytokine, and a single cytokine may act on a variety of target cells

34. CYTOKINES

35. TRANSPLANT REJECTION  Hyperacute Graft  Acute Graft  Chronic

36. TREATMENT OF TRANSPLANT REJECTION  Medication  Maintenance  Rescue Therapy