Tell me about a science experiment you did or were a part of. What were the results? Stamp Homework What will we learn today? What will we learn today? Compare the major ideas of philosophers and their effects on the democratic revolutions in England, the United States, France, and Latin America. Day 2 Week: Origins of Democracy #2 Directions: On Day 2 of your Bellwork, answer the following question. You need to write a one paragraph response, so fill out all of Day 1. There should be little to no talking during the Bellwork. 1

Compare the major ideas of philosophers and their effects on the democratic revolutions in England, the United States, France, and Latin America.

List circumstances that led to the Scientific Revolution. Summarize the development of the heliocentric theory. Describe the scientific method and explain Newton’s law of gravity. Describe the importance of the scientific method in different fields.

How did the Scientific Revolution change how people thought about the world?

In the mid-1500s, scientists began to question accepted beliefs and make new theories based on experimentation. Such questioning led to the development of the scientific method still in use today.

The Renaissance (1300 – 1600)

Wrote The Devine Comedy in Italian instead of Latin. He showed that Italian was just as good as Latin. The Devine Comedy was about an imaginary journey through hell and heaven.

Machiavelli He wrote The Prince, a book telling kings how they should rule. He said rulers had to be ruthless to keep order.

Jump Ahead to the Scientific Revolution (1500s)

Compare the major ideas of philosophers and their effects on the democratic revolutions in England, the United States, France, and Latin America.

At the top half of your paper, make a box like this: Resting Heart rate Exercise #1 Heart rate Exercise #2 Heart rate Exercise #3 Heart rate Final Heart rate

In the mid 1500s, scientists began to question accepted beliefs and make new theories based on experimentation Why it matters now: -theories and developments still used today (scientific method)

= time of great change in Europe Renaissance inspires curiosity Reformation challenges accepted ways of thinking

Before 1500 scholars generally decided what was true or false by referring to an ancient Greek or Roman author or to the Bible.

Beginning in the mid-1500s, a few scholars published works that challenged the ideas of the ancient thinkers and the church. As these thinkers developed new theories they changed science and European thought. The Scientific Revolution was a new way of thinking about the natural world through observation and questioning.

How did people find out if things were true or false before the Scientific Revolution? Greek or Roman authors Bible

Middle Ages Geocentric Theory=EARTH was located at the center of the universe Moon, sun, and planets moved perfectly circular paths around the earth COMMON SENSE?

 Nicolas Copernicus was a Polish astronomer, which is someone who studies they sky and universe.  Prior to Copernicus it was thought that the earth was the center of the universe and that planets revolved around the earth.  Copernicus believed that instead of the earth being the center it was the sun. This sun centered theory was known as the Heliocentric Theory.  Copernicus was scared to release his findings because they contradicted religious views.  He finally published his findings the last year of his life (1543).  He laid the foundation for astronomers to come.

What is the difference between the geocentric and heliocentric theory? Geocentric- Earth is center Heliocentric- Sun is center

Danish astronomer Recorded movements of the planets

Brahe’s assistant Continued his work and concluded that certain mathematical laws govern planetary motion Planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits Proved Copernicus was right

Galileo Galilei was an Italian scientist. He made his own telescope to observe and note the heavens. Galileo’s observations, as well as his laws of motion supported Copernicus’ theories. In 1616 the Catholic Church warned Galileo not to defend the ideas of Copernicus. In 1632 Galileo published a book that clearly supported Copernicus’ theories.

Galileo was then summoned by the Pope to Rome. Under the threat of torture he read aloud a signed confession, agreeing that the ideas of Copernicus were false. Galileo was never a free man again. He lived under house arrest until his death. In 1992 the Catholic Church finally acknowledge Galileo had been right

Signed Confession “With sincere heart and unpretended faith I abjure, curse, and detest the aforesaid errors and heresies of Copernicus, and also every other error…contrary to the Holy Church, and I swear that in the future I will never again say or assert…anything that might cause a similar suspicion toward me.”  -Galileo Galilei

Why does the Catholic Church disapprove of Galileo’s findings? It goes against the teachings of the church

Empiricism- experimental method Instead of reasoning from abstract theories, scientists are urged to experiment and then draw conclusions Two most notable empiricists are Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes

Francis Bacon was an English writer and scientist. He attacked medieval scholars who relied heavily on the work of Aristotle. Bacon urged scientists to experiment and draw conclusions.

Rene Descartes was French Mathematician. Unlike Bacon Descartes relied on mathematics and logic. Believe everything should be doubted until proven by reason The only thing that was certain was that he existed- “I think, therefore I am” “I think, therefore I am”

Isaac Newton was a great English scientist. Newton studied math and physics at Cambridge University. He explained gravity through the motion of the planets and ordinary things. Newton also concluded that motion of objects followed mathematic principles.

What is Isaac Newton famous for? Law of Gravity

During the Middle Ages, European doctors had accepted as fact the writings of an ancient Greek physician named Galen. Galen had never dissected the body of a human being. Instead, he had studied the anatomy of pigs and other animals. Galen assumed that human anatomy was the same. A physician named Andreas Vesalius proved Galen’s assumptions wrong. Vesalius dissected human corpses and published his observations. His book contained detailed drawings of human organs, bones and muscles.

In the late1700s Edward Jenner created the first vaccine which prevented smallpox.

Robert Boyle is known as the founder of modern chemistry. Boyle challenged Aristotle’s theory that world consisted of four elements- earth, air, fire, & water. He believed that matter was made up of smaller particles that joined together in different ways. He also went on to explain how the volume, temperature, and pressure of gas effect each other.

Microscope-observed bacteria, blood cells Mercury Barometer- Predicting weather Thermometer- showed water freezing

These thinkers helped to usher in a movement that challenged the age old relationship between a government and its people, and eventually changed forever the political landscape in numerous societies.

What was the impact of the Scientific Revolution? New ways of thinking emerged New inventions New discoveries

How did the Scientific Revolution change how people thought about the world?

Name of Invention Drawing What does your invention do? ___________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ How would this improve life? ____________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________