The Nation’s Beginnings : From 13 Colonies to One Republic

Christopher Columbus Bell Ringer! In your opinion, was Christopher Columbus a hero or a villain? Explain.

Early Colonial Claims 1492 Christopher Columbus’ voyage led to European settlement Spanish Conquistadors were followed by Portugal, Holland, England, France, and even Russia (1741) They came for God, Gold, and Glory! St. Augustine, FL (Spain, 1565) = oldest city in U.S.

The Columbian Exchange Columbus’ Legacy is a Mixture of Pros and Cons. New Animals Introduced (Horses, Cattle, Hogs, Sheep, etc.) New Foods Introduced in Europe (Corn, Potatoes, Tomatoes, etc.) Measles, Mumps, Typhus, & Smallpox (Diseases) - Maybe 90% of Native Americans perished. African slavery introduced to provide labor in New World by Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, and later the English would dominate the trade.

The Middle Passage By 1650 an estimated 300,000 African slaves were in the Spanish Caribbean working gold and silver mines and plantations. The Portuguese in Brazil dominated the European sugar trade and more than 40% of 12 million slaves taken from Africa were sent to S. America. The English =largest exporters of slaves after 1690 (1.7 million in just over 100 years) and only 400,000 actually wound up in the U.S. The Middle Passage was the middle leg of the Atlantic trade triangle.

Exit Slip – 4 Points Possible! 1. God = 2. Gold = 3. Glory = 4. If Columbus really didn’t “discover” America, why were his voyages to the New World so important with regard to World History?

Bell Ringer: Discovery of New World 1. What nation did Columbus sail for when he “discovered” America? a. Italy b. Portugal c. France d. Spain 2. Which of the following is NOT one of the “3 G’s” that drew Europeans to the New World? a. God b. Goods c. Glory d. Gold 3. Which 4 continents were impacted by the Columbian Exchange? a. N. America, S. America, Europe, Africa b. N. America, S. America, Europe, Asia 4. The _______ was the leg of the Triangle Trade that carried African slaves to the New World. a. Last Leg b. Middle Passage c. Death’s Journey

Jamestown, VA (1607) This monument is dedicated to Captain John Smith who founded the colony at Jamestown, VA in May It was the first permanent English settlement. He was the colony’s first governor.

Jamestown’s Harsh Environment Insect-infested Swamp The Chesapeake Bay

400 th Anniversary of Jamestown May 13, 2007 was the colonies 400 th Anniversary. Current archeological dig at the original site Dutch pottery dating back to the late 1500’s

Then and Now A model of early Jamestown What is left today

Who is this?

Jamestown Prospers Tobacco (1612) was the number one export. It was governed by a partnership between King James I’s appointed Royal Governor and the House of Burgesses (an elected legislature). After the “Starving Time” (Winter of ) the colony experienced great growth. The first African slaves were brought To Jamestown in 1619 for this reason.

The 13 Colonies New England –Pilgrims in Plymouth(1620) and later Puritans settled Massachusetts (1630) for religious freedom The Mayflower Compact (1620) provided a model for self-government (Social Contract) Timber, Fishing, Ship-building Middle Colonies (NY from Dutch, PA, NJ) – Known for religious tolerance (Quakers) and exported wheat as economy was based on farming. Southern Colonies – Slavery was more important here because cash crops like tobacco, indigo, and rice are more labor intensive.

Colonial Governments Each had a legislature and usually it was bicameral. In Royal Colonies, Upper House chosen by Crown and Lower House by the People. Self-governing Colonies both houses chosen by the people. Judges were appointed by the King in Royal Colonies and elected by the people in Self- governing Colonies. Suffrage was not universal. Only white men, 21 years of age and that owned land could vote.

Major Influences on American Political Thought (See Page 10) The Roman Republic (509 – 27 BC) – Civic Virtue and the Common Good; it was representative. English Tradition – Magna Carta (1215), Parliament (1258), English Bill of Rights (1689), Common Law Political Philosophers – John Locke’s Two Treatises on Government (1690) - Natural Rights Philosophy, Separation of Powers, Social Contract Theory Judeo-Christian Roots – Ten Commandments & Jesus Colonial Heritage –Suffrage, Tradition, Checks and Balances, Natural Rights, Jury Trial

Exit Slip – The Colonies Overview 1. What group of early colonists authored the Mayflower Compact? a. the Dutch b. the Pilgrims c. the Puritans 2. The Republican form of government was first used in ancient _______. a. Babylon b. Greece c. Rome 3. The major export of the Jamestown colony was a. Tobacco b. Wheat c. Cotton 4. In ___________ colonies, both houses of the legislature were chosen by the people. a. royal b. self-governing c. all

The Colonies and Britain – England’s policy was salutary neglect toward the colonies. The traditions of limited monarchy and self- government in the colonies benefited both sides ($$$!). Britain & France fought a series of costly wars between & relationship changed. King George III = Tyrant!

The French-Indian War ( ) 1. What was another name for the French-Indian War? 2. What side did the Native Americans take? The colonists? 3. Who won? 4. What did the winners take from the losers? 5. What new problems resulted for the colonists at the end of the war? Simon Kenton

Fort Boonesboro, KY Founded by Daniel Boone and others in April 1775 One source of conflict was that colonists wanted to move west! Here are two rare photos of pioneer children at work in their cottage.