1. The Nation’s Beginnings : From Exploration to the English Colonies

2. Christopher Columbus Bell Ringer! In your opinion, was Christopher Columbus a hero or a villain? Explain.

3. Spain and Portugal Lead the Way 1492 Christopher Columbus’ voyage led to European settlement (Portugal was sailing East around Africa) Pedro Cabral lands in S. Am. & claims it for Portugal in 1500 Spanish Conquistadors ? Who was Ferdinand Magellan? They came for God, Gold, and Glory! St. Augustine, FL (Spain, 1565) = oldest city in U.S.

4. The Columbian Exchange Columbus’ Legacy is a Mixture of Pros and Cons. New Animals Introduced (Horses, Cattle, Hogs, Sheep, etc.) New Foods Introduced in Europe (Corn, Potatoes, Tomatoes, etc.) Measles, Mumps, Typhus, & Smallpox (Diseases) - Maybe 90% of Native Americans perished. African slavery introduced to provide labor in New World by Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, and later the English would dominate the trade.

5. Spanish Claims in the New World

6. Other Nations Rush to Explore John Cabot sailed for England in 1497 & claimed E. Canada and N.E. Jacques Cartier (1534-35) and Samuel de Champlain (1603- 35) claimed land for France in NE Canada. 1609 – Henry Hudson, looking again for a Northwest Passage, claimed New York for the Netherlands.

7. The Middle Passage By 1650 an estimated 300,000 African slaves were in the Spanish Caribbean working gold and silver mines and plantations. The Portuguese in Brazil dominated the European sugar trade and more than 40% of 12 million slaves taken from Africa were sent to S. America. The English =largest exporters of slaves after 1690 (1.7 million in just over 100 years) and only 400,000 actually wound up in the U.S. The Middle Passage was the middle leg of the Atlantic trade triangle.

8. Exit Slip – Age of Exploration 1. God = 2. Gold = 3. Glory = 4. If Columbus really didn’t “discover” America, why were his voyages to the New World so important with regard to World History?

9. Bell Ringer: Discovery of New World 1. What nation did Columbus sail for when he “discovered” America? a. Italy b. Portugal c. France d. Spain 2. Which of the following is NOT one of the “3 G’s” that drew Europeans to the New World? a. God b. Goods c. Glory d. Gold 3. Which 4 continents were impacted by the Columbian Exchange? a. N. America, S. America, Europe, Africa b. N. America, S. America, Europe, Asia 4. The _______ was the leg of the Triangle Trade that carried African slaves to the New World. a. Last Leg b. Middle Passage c. Death’s Journey

10. Jamestown, VA (1607) Roanoke, VA (1587) – Sir Walter Raleigh – failed English attempt at colony. The crown started joint- stock companies b/c it lacked gold needed to pay for colonies. Captain John Smith who founded the colony at Jamestown, VA in May 1607. It was the first permanent English settlement. He was the colony’s first governor.

11. Jamestown’s Harsh Environment Insect-infested Swamp The Chesapeake Bay

12. 400 th Anniversary of Jamestown May 13, 2007 was the colonies 400 th Anniversary. Current archeological dig at the original site Dutch pottery dating back to the late 1500’s

13. Then and Now A model of early Jamestown What is left today

14. Jamestown Prospers Tobacco (1612) was the number one export. After the “Starving Time” (Winter of 1610-11) the colony experienced great growth. It was governed by a partnership between King James I’s appointed Royal Governor and the House of Burgesses (an elected legislature) because he thought the London Company was responsible for the Powhatan War of March 1622 that saw 300 colonists killed (1/3 pop.) The first African slaves were brought To Jamestown in 1619 for this reason. Indentured servants (mostly men & a few women) also helped populate the colony. John Rolfe introduced West Indies tobacco & a way to cure it for the trip to England. Who did he marry?

15. Who is this?

16. Review: Jamestown-The Big 8 1. Roanoke? 2. Joint Stock Companies? i.e. London Company? 3. Captain John Smith? 4. Powhatan? 5. The “Starving Time?” 6. John Rolfe? 7. House of Burgesses? 8. Royal Colony?

17. The Plymouth Colony Pilgrims – English Separatists who left Holland for Virginia with permission of the London Company. 1/3 of 101 passengers on the Mayflower were Pilgrims. They were led by Governor William Bradford. They landed in Massachusetts and the London Co had no authority over this region. 41 drew up and signed the Mayflower Compact – an agreement that they could practice self-government.

18. The Pilgrims Face Hardships They arrived in November 1620 and ½ died the first winter. They were aided by Pawtucket Indians (Squanto?) who showed them how to raise corn, beans, pumpkins, & squash as well as by Wampanoag and Chief Massasoit (Thanksgiving – Oct. 1621 – a 3 day feast). William Bradford’s colony inspired another group that was being persecuted in England – the Puritans. The original Pilgrims had separated from the Puritans in 1608. They wanted to “purify” the Church of England.

19. The Puritans Form a Self- governing Colony 1629 – Massachusetts Bay Co. obtained a charter from Crown to start a colony near Plymouth that would be a Bible Commonwealth. 1630 – 17 ships embark on the voyage to America & ultimately 20,000 more follow during the decade. John Winthrop, a London lawyer, was elected governor in 1630. The Puritans came prepared with food, equipment, and live stock and focused on fishing, lumbering, ship-building, fur trading, and farming. Harvard University was est. 1636. The Puritans were not tolerant of people with different religious views. This led to war with Native Americans in 1675 – 76. Chief Metacomet or King Phillip’s War.

20. 13 Colonies Foldables New England, Middle Colonies, Southern Colonies Must include for each region: 1. Approximate population 2. Name the colonies 3. Who lived there? Ethnicity, religion, culture 4. Geography 5. Type of economy/ resources/ how did they earn $?

21. Bell Ringer – Plymouth & the Massachusetts Bay Colony 1. The Pilgrims, who were the first to arrive in Massachusetts, were separatists who broke with the a. Catholic Church. b. Anglican Church. c. Lutheran Church. 2. In 1629, the _______, who would come to dominate life in New England, obtained a charter from the King and sailed for Massachusetts. a. Irish b. Huguenots c. Puritans 3. What institution would come to dominate nearly every phase of colonial life in Massachusetts? a. the Puritan faith b. the legislature c. the slave trade 4. All of the following were essential to Massachusetts Bay’s economy except a. ship building. b. cotton production. c. lumbering. d. fishing.

22. The New England Colonies Pilgrims & Puritans in MA, CT, RI, & NH 1635 – Roger Williams, a Separatist minister, was banished from MA by Puritans. Founded RI after getting charter from King. Lecturer Anne Hutchinson, a heretic in MA, also left for RI. They helped bring religious tolerance to New England. 1636 – Thomas Hooker (CT) – liberal minister who hated Puritan restrictions on voting and left with his congregation. Their rules/ laws were called the Fundamental Orders of CT. 1662 – King Charles II granted them a charter. 1622 – John Mason (VT) and Ferdinando Gorges were granted what is now VT and ME. They divided it in 1629. Maine was part of MA until it became a state in 1820.

23. The Middle Colonies 1664 - NY taken from Dutch by James, Duke of York who was brother of King Charles II. NJ split off from NY b/c Duke thought NY too big to manage. 1682 -William Penn– Known for religious tolerance. It was called “the Holy Experiment” for the Religious Society of Friends or “Quakers” b/c they “quaked” before power of God. They believed people should find truth from “inner light of God.” Penn founded Philadelphia & made treaty of friendship with Native Americans b/c they believed all to be equal. Settled by people from all over Europe b/c Penn recruited. 1701 – DE broke off from PA and became own colony The Duke of York and William Penn were proprietors – they owned colony & rented land if they agreed to recognize the Crown’s control & keep laws consistent with England’s laws

24. The Southern Colonies Southern Colonies – Slavery was more important here because cash crops like tobacco, indigo, and rice are more labor intensive. 1634 - Lord Baltimore – Catholic proprietor – granted MD by Charles I as Catholic haven & tobacco producing colony. 1663 - NC and SC – Charles II gave charter to 8 English nobles. They encouraged immigration through the headright system. 1690 – rice or “Carolina gold” introduced from Madagascar & slaves needed to grow and harvest it. NC was less successful as it didn’t attract rich planters from VA, but poor frontiersmen who farmed. 1729 – NC & SC divided as Crown ended proprietorship and they became royal colonies. 1732 – James Oglethorpe – GA – buffer between SC & Spanish FL, haven for debtors, and mulberry trees & silk worms

25. Colonial Governments Each had a legislature and usually it was bicameral. PA was only exception. In 8 Royal Colonies, Upper house & governor chosen by Crown and Lower House by the People. Self-governing Colonies – CT & RI - both houses & governor chosen by the people. PA, MD, & DE remained Proprietary but similar to Royal Colonies as proprietor appointed governor. Judges were appointed by the King in Royal Colonies and elected by the people in Self-governing Colonies. Suffrage was not universal. Only white men, 21 years of age and that owned land could vote. In Royal Colonies & Proprietary, governor had veto power, but legislature levied taxes and set governor’s salary Do you think they got along?

26. Major Influences on American Political Thought (See Page 10) The Roman Republic (509 – 27 BC) – Civic Virtue and the Common Good; it was representative. English Tradition – Magna Carta (1215), Parliament (1258), English Bill of Rights (1689), Common Law Political Philosophers – John Locke’s Two Treatises on Government (1690) - Natural Rights Philosophy, Separation of Powers, Social Contract Theory Judeo-Christian Roots – Ten Commandments & Jesus Colonial Heritage –Suffrage, Tradition, Checks and Balances, Natural Rights, Jury Trial

27. Exit Slip – The Colonies Overview 1. What group of early colonists authored the Mayflower Compact? a. the Dutch b. the Pilgrims c. the Puritans 2. The Republican form of government was first used in ancient _______. a. Babylon b. Greece c. Rome 3. The major export of the Jamestown colony was a. Tobacco b. Wheat c. Cotton 4. In ___________ colonies, both houses of the legislature were chosen by the people. a. royal b. self-governing c. all

28. The Colonies and Britain 1607-1754 – England’s policy was salutary neglect toward the colonies. The traditions of limited monarchy and self- government in the colonies benefited both sides ($$$!). Britain & France fought a series of costly wars between 1689 - 1763 & relationship changed. King George III = Tyrant!

29. The French-Indian War (1754-1763) 1. What was another name for the French-Indian War? 2. What side did the Native Americans take? The colonists? 3. Who won? 4. What did the winners take from the losers? 5. What new problems resulted for the colonists at the end of the war? Simon Kenton

30. Fort Boonesboro, KY Founded by Daniel Boone and others in April 1775 One source of conflict was that colonists wanted to move west! Here are two rare photos of pioneer children at work in their cottage.