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Contents of PowerPoint o This PowerPoint will cover:  Summary of War of 1812  Causes of War of 1812  Outcomes of War 1812 o Prompt answered:  What were the major causes of the formation of the Native-American alliance in the old Northwest Territory?  And how important was the encroachment by U.S. farmers and pioneers upon Native American lands in the development of this alliance?

CauseEffect Imperialism British and French are at war (1803) American ships attacked by British and French U.S. stops all trade British supply Indians with ammunition to use against settlers U.S. republicans support war Countries want to expand their lands for money and power President Jefferson declares U.S. neutral during British and French conflict American colonists angered by British attacks on American ships U.S. merchants financially suffer from halted trade U.S. opens trade with countries other than Britain and France Tecumseh and Wm. Henry Harrison battle, and Harrison discovers natives were supplied by their new allies, the British War breaks out between Americans and British; Americans defeat British War of 1812

War Summary  U.S. v. Great Britain  Great Britain’s allies:  Native American Indians  British colonists from Canada  June,  Location:  United States  Canada  Sea  At the time, Great Britain was considered the greatest naval power in the world  Enlightenment ideas contributed to colonists standing up against the British, and the Indians thinking for themselves

Major Battles

Compare and Contrast: Events c. 1800s United StatesSameBritish Republic form of government Purchases Louisiana Territory in 1803 James Madison president during War of 1812 Declares war on British, 1812 Both countries are in debt from American Revolution Both suffering from financial depressions Enlightenment influences Trade issues Imperialistic ideas Mixed feelings regarding 1812 conflict Monarchy form of government Engaged in war with Napoleon and the French when U.S. declares war on them Forms alliance with Indians

Breakdown SocialEconomicPolitical British and Indian alliance Tecumseh unites Indian tribes Due to lack of communication and notification of treaties negotiated, Jackson unnecessarily attacks New Orleans Trade blockages result in a suffering U.S. economy American merchants lose money as a result to embargo proposal British are in debt from funding two wars U.S. declares war on British Federalists are against war; republicans support war against British French Revolution (early 1800s) Treaties agreed upon by U.S., British and Indians

Tecumseh’s Significant Role Native American, Tecumseh, dreamed of a united Indian confederacy that would stop white settlers from taking over their lands Tecumseh and his brother, the Prophet, unite tribes and prepare for westward movement/invasion from settlers British supplied Tecumseh’s tribe as they fought Americans Tecumseh died during Commander Perry’s victory on Lake Erie Following his death, Indian tribes weakened and separated Tecumseh as a young warrior Conclusion: Tecumseh’s enlightenment thinking regarding unity and protection, develop an alliance between Indians and British

Encroachment Results in Alliance Settlers move westward with hopes of expanding their country and finding new trade goods Indian tribes are settled in western lands and fear settlers’ invasions As settlers continue to move westward, Indians prepare for raids on their lands British supplied Indians with ammunition and weapons to protect Indian lands from settlers British also hoped this gesture would be recognized by the Indians and help in building a future alliance Indians recognize the British as allies, and in-turn, hope the British will continue to support their efforts to keep settlers out of their territories Wm. Henry Harrison realizes Indians are uniting and sees it as threat, and possibly a potential revolution Harrison burns Indian lands and understands British weapons were being used by Indians Conclusion: The threatening western movement, by farmers and pioneers, is the most significant and underlying reasons the British and Indians become allies

“Brothers: Since the peace was made, you have killed some of the Shawnees, Winnebagoes, Delawares, and Miamis, and you have taken our land from us; and I do not see how we can remain at peace if you continue to do so. You try to force the red people to do some mischief. You try to keep the tribes apart, and make distinctions among them. You wish to prevent Indians from uniting.” (Appleby, Joyce, Brinkley, & McPherson, 2007, p. 292) The significance of the U.S. farmers and pioneers moving in on Native American lands can be summed up through the following quote: Primary Source: Tecumseh Quote

British and Native American Alliance  Before the War of 1812, Americans began driving Indians out of the Northwest Territory  Old Northwest Territory includes current- day states:  Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan and Wisconsin  British supplied Natives with weapons to help them hold off invasions from settlers  British hoped this gesture would form an alliance between them and the Indians  Tecumseh, and other Indians, hoped an alliance would help stop the “white movement” on Indian territories Natives use weapons supplied by allied British

Outcome: Winners are unclear; British and Americans gain little from this American Revolution Part II Indians, however, no longer are protected by British (or French) and U.S. westward expansion kicks off British never again fight the Americans Using the Past: How does the past help us make sense of the future? Relationships between Americans and Indians remain weak Need of A.I.M. movement Protests of offensive Indian mascots, etc.. Through their Eyes: What were peoples’ views during this time period? British: powerful, entitled Americans: annoyed with wars, nationalism, hopeful for future Indians: betrayed, mistreated, fearful of the future Change & Continuity: Changed: Humanitarian rights, equality movements, more democratic Same: Prejudice issues, struggle for power, fighting for peace Thinking Like a Historian Turning Point- Past Decisions Affecting Future Choices: Madison helps write the Constitution, then upholds it during conflicts U.S. ends American Revolution weak and broke; ends 1812 conflict strong and economically independent