Human Systems Getting and delivering oxygen Getting food and removing waste Communication Major Functions

Function 1: Getting and Delivering Oxygen Why??? One word: ENERGY!!!! Remember: In Cell respiration oxygen is combined with glucose to make ATP and CO2 (waste)

How do we get the oxygen? Requires two systems: – Respiratory system: brings O2 into the body – Circulatory system: delivers O2 to EVERY single cell in your body

Anatomy of the Respiratory System

Movement of Oxygen is diffusion!!

Now the oxygen is in the Circulatory system So…. time for some more anatomy!

Three major parts to Circ. System 1.Vessels 2.Heart 3.Blood

Arteriole Capillary Bed Venule Capillary Artery Vein

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Evolution of the heart Fish – Two chambers – High pressure ONLY between ventricle and gills – Low oxygenated pressure = limited rapid activity Amphibians – Three chambers, 2 atria, 1 ventricle – Mixed blood in the ventricle – High pressure to lungs and body

Evolution of the Heart Some reptiles – Partial separation of ventricles – Increased efficiency of oxygen transport Mammals, birds and crocodiles – Four chambered heart – Two separate pumps (ventricles) – High pressure, oxygen rich blood to the body – RESULT: high activity levels possible

Processing the food we eat Why do we need food? –Reactants for cell respiration (energy) –Building blocks for new cells, tissues, etc. –Essential nutrients: minerals, vitamins, etc. What happens to materials we can’t use? –Stored for later –Excreted –Converted into something we can use

Two main systems involved: Digestive: Breaks down food into small molecules (monomers!) and absorb the nutrients into the blood stream for delivery

Two main systems involved: Excretory: Maintain Homeostasis – internal balance of chemicals – Rids body of metabolic wastes Wastes produced by body’s metabolism Eg: Salts, Carbon Dioxide, Urea BUT how do we deliver the “good stuff”?

Salivary Glands Esophagus Liver Gall Bladder Stomach Pancreas Sm. Intestine Lg. Intestine

Peristalsis –

Small Intestine Villus Circular folds Villi Epithelial cells Capillaries Lacteal Vein Artery

Bile: produced in the liver and stored in the gall bladder; function- breaks down/ dissolves lipids HCl: stomach; function- unravels proteins Sodium Bicarbonate: pancreas; function- neutralizes acid Amylase: salivary glands; function- breaks down starch Pepsin: stomach; function- breaks down proteins

Differences in Digestive Systems In animals that eat grass, a more complex system is needed to digest cellulose. Any system that processes cellulose (cows, termites) requires a digestive area that contains micro-organisms that break down the cellulose. Differences in what foods can be utilized affect how we can change our eating habits.

Excretion Major Excretory Organs – Skin – water and salts – Lungs – CO2 – Large intestines – excess/indigestible solid food waste – Kidneys and associated organs – Urea – liquid metabolic waste

VeinArtery Ureter Urinary bladder Urethra Excretory System Kidney

Nephron Cortex Medulla Renal artery Renal vein Ureter To the bladder Bowman’s capsule Glomerulus Capillaries Collecting duct To the ureter Loop of Henle Artery Vein

Filtration Most filtration occurs in the glomerulus. Blood pressure forces water, salt, glucose, amino acids, and urea into Bowman’s capsule. Proteins and blood cells are too large to cross the membrane; they remain in the blood. The fluid that enters the renal tubules is called the filtrate. Reabsorption As the filtrate flows through the renal tubule, most of the water and nutrients are reabsorbed into the blood. The concentrated fluid that remains is called urine. Secretion Substances such as hydrogen ions are transferred from the blood to the filtrate.

Communications In the Body Two systems involved: 1.Nervous – Quick response, electrical messages; short lived; Examples? 2.Endocrine – slow, longer term response, chemical messages (hormones); examples?

Nervous System Central Nervous System – Brain and spinal cord – Its main job is to get the information from the body and send out instructions. Peripheral Nervous System – The peripheral nervous system is made up of all of the nerves and the wiring. This system sends the messages from the brain to the rest of the body.

Job of Each Part of the Neuron Neurons have specialized extensions called dendrites and axons. Dendrites bring information to the cell body and axons take information away from the cell body. The cell body (soma) contains the nucleus and cytoplasm

How do signals go from one neuron to the next Junction between to neurons – Axon of one cell  Dendrite of the NEXT cell Chemicals released from one neuron to “stimulate” the next are called neurotransmitters

What does the nervous system respond to? Stimuli Neurons are able to respond to stimuli (such as touch, sound, light, and so on), conduct impulses, and communicate with each other (and with other types of cells like muscle cells). NgGKSNiNw&feature=player_embedded

Brain Cerebrum – Frontal Lobe – Parietal Lobe – Temporal Lobe – Occipital Lobe Cerebellum Brainstem – Medulla oblongata – Pons

Cerebrum Voluntary or conscious activities – Outer surface – Cerebral Cortex (grey matter) Processes information from sense organs Controls body movements – Inner surface – White matter (bundles of axons)

Cerebellum Location: Back lower area inside skull, near brainstem Coordination and balance, fine motor skills (grace and efficiency)

Brain Stem Connects brain to spinal cord Two regions – Medulla – Pons Controls involuntary processes – Blood pressure, heartrate, breathing swallowing

Reflex Response REFLEX RESPONSE

Reflex response Receptor cell detects stimulus  impulse to CNS  motor neuron

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