Functional Neuroanatomy: The nervous system and behaviour Chapter 2

Neuroanatomical methods nisslmyelingolgiautoradiographyImmunohistochemistry In vivo imaging

Examples of Nissl stains

Example of fibre stain (gold chloride)

Example of Golgi method

Example of autoradiography

Example of immunohistochemistry Arc-positive cells after varying amounts of sleep deprivation

Imaging brain structure

Imaging activity

Types of cells in the nervous system Neurons The main information processors The main information processorsGlia Important supporting roles Important supporting roles

Types of glial cells Astrocytes support, nurturance support, nurturance

Oligodendroglia or Schwann cells insulation

Oligodendroglia or Schwann cells insulation

Microglia Represent the immune system in the brain (protect from invasion, clean up debris)

Basic structure of the neuron cell body nucleusdendriteaxonmyelinboutons

Categorization of neurons by shape multipolar, unipolar, bipolar multipolar, unipolar, bipolar

Categorization of neurons by shape multipolar, unipolar, bipolar multipolar, unipolar, bipolar by size large (pyramidal, eg) large (pyramidal, eg) small (granule, eg) small (granule, eg)

Categorization of neurons by shape multipolar, unipolar, bipolar multipolar, unipolar, bipolar by size large (pyramidal, eg) large (pyramidal, eg) small (granule, eg) small (granule, eg) by function sensory neuron sensory neuron motor neuron motor neuron interneuron interneuron

The basics of the synapse Neurons communicate at synapses synapses can be chemical or electrical, but chemical synapses are more common

Boutons, cleft, dendritic spines, postsynaptic membrane, vesicles, transmitter, receptors Synaptic terminology

Axonal transport Anterograde vs retrograde microtubules and neurofilaments

Anterograde vs retrograde axonal transport

Information flow Terminology: Afferents and efferents convergence (many:one) and divergence (one:many) nuclei (containers of DNA) and nuclei (collections of neurons)

Neuroanatomical terms and conventions

Neuroanatomical directions Rostral vs. caudal Dorsal vs. ventral Medial vs. lateral Superior vs. inferior

Terminology: Central nervous system (CNS) vs Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Meninges Dura mater (tough mother) arachnoid pia mater

The very thing

Major divisions of the brain

Lobes of cerebral cortex Sulci and gyri maximize surface area

Cytoarchitecture

Brodmann’s areas

The limbic system

Basal ganglia

Midline structures of the brain

Diencephalon Thalamus A large mosaic of nuclei which contribute to sensory and motor processing (you’ll meet several of the nuclei later in the course when we look at systems). A large mosaic of nuclei which contribute to sensory and motor processing (you’ll meet several of the nuclei later in the course when we look at systems).Hypothalamus Located just inferior to the thalamus Located just inferior to the thalamus A collection of nuclei involved in motivated behaviour (feeding, drinking, sexual behaviour) A collection of nuclei involved in motivated behaviour (feeding, drinking, sexual behaviour)

Mesencephalon (midbrain) Tectum (roof) Superior and inferior colliculi Superior and inferior colliculi Tegmentum (floor) Some reticular nuclei and cerebellar relay nuclei Some reticular nuclei and cerebellar relay nuclei Also contains substantia nigra and crus cerebri Also contains substantia nigra and crus cerebri

Metencephalon Cerebellum A ‘mini’ brain for computing skilled movements and many other things A ‘mini’ brain for computing skilled movements and many other thingsPons Many cranial nerve nuclei, reticular nuclei, long tracts Many cranial nerve nuclei, reticular nuclei, long tracts

Metencephalon Pons (contains cranial nerve nuclei, reticular nuclei)

Metencephalon Cerebellum Many fine folds (folia) increase surface area Many fine folds (folia) increase surface area Very large # of cells with very tight organization Very large # of cells with very tight organization

Myelencephalon (medulla) Some nuclei related to breathing, heart rate (so-called vegetative functions) Long tracts

Another view of the brainstem

Spinal cord

Autonomic nervous system

Ventricular system

Blood supply