1.  
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2. Gross Neuroanatomy

5. CNS vs PNS

6. Neuroanatomy
CNS
Nuclei (gray matter) vs. nerve tracts (white matter)
Brain, functional areas
Spinal cord
Blood-brain barrier
Ventricular system
Blood supply
PNS
Cranial, cervical to sacral nerves, autonomic nerves
muscles

10. Methods Lesion studies Special stains (Golgi, Nissel) and histology
Tract tracing
Surface-, Intracortical microstimulation
PET, (f)MRI, EEG, MEG, TMS

11. Phineas Gage--1848

12. Neurons are signaling elements
Late nineteenth century: Golgi and Ramon y Cajal

13. Mapping brain regions Wilder Penfield, 1940’s
Electrical stimulation of
exposed human cortex during surgery

14. Methods for functional studies

16. Limbic lobe

17. Cranial nerves

18. Diencephalon and brainstem

19. C-shaped structures

20. Somatotopic mapping of human sensory and motor cortices

21. CNS
subdivision

22. Brain: gray and white matter

23. Diencephalon Thalamus major sensory center and motor output
Corpus callosum
links 2 hemispheres
Hypothalamus
major center for homeostasis

24. Thalamus All senses, except olfaction, are routed through it to cortex

26. Limbic system emotion, memory, and learning

27. Brainstem midbrain, pons, medulla

28. Brainstem Tectum: Superior colliculus: part of vision
Inferior colliculus: part of audition
Periaqueductal gray area
Tegmentum:
Reticular Formation:
sleep, arousal, muscle tone
contain norepinephrine nuclei
Substantia Nigra:
motor system (Parkinson’s dis)
contain major dopamine nuclei
Periaqueductal gray area:
contain Substance P nuclei
sensitive to opiates

29. Spinal cord

30. Blood-brain barrier endothelial cells (tight junctions in-between), pericytes, and astrocytes (end-foot processes)

31. Motor corticospinal rubrospinal reticulospinal tracts

32. Motor multiple descending tracts from brainstem

33. Spinal Cord spinal reflex; central pattern generators at C-, L-enlargement

34. Motor the motor unit

35. Motor extrapyramidal system (basal ganglion)

36. Functions of Basal ganglion: other than motor control

37. Sensory Dermatomes

38. Somatosensory spinothalamic tract

39. Somatosensory proprioception dorsal column pathway

40. Somatosensory pain modulatory pathways

41. Autonomic

42. Autonomic Hypothalamic nucleus