1. Lecture 1 NERVOUS SYSTEM Dr. Thana Al-Khishali

2. NERVOUS SYSTEM Anatomy Physiology Histology  Neurons  Glial cells  Central Nervous System CSF, BBB, Meninges  Peripheral Nervous System NF, Ganglia  Neural Plasticity and Regeneration

3. NERVOUS SYSTEM Divided Anatomically into Central Peripheral CNS PNS Brain and Spinal Cord Nerves (motor and sensory) Ganglia Nerve Endings Both CNS and PNS consist of : Nerve cells (Neuron) and Glial cells

4. Components of the Nervous System

5. Peripheral Nervous System The Nervous System

6. NERVOUS TISSUE AS AN INTEGRATED COMMUNICATIONS NETWORK : CREATES ANALYZES IDENTIFIES INTEGRATES The information

7. Organization of the Nervous System Central nervous system Brain & spinal cord. Integrative & control centers. Peripheral nervous system Cranial & spinal nerves. Communicates between CNS and rest of body. Sensory (afferent division) Impulse from receptor to CNS. Motor (efferent) division Impulse from CNS to effector. Autonomic nervous System -to visceral organs. Somatic nervous System -to muscles Sympathetic Division “Excites” Parasympathetic Division “Retards”

8. THE NEURON Multipolar, Bipolar, and Unipolar (pseudounipolar)

9. THE NEURON Motor Sensory Internuncial

10. Classification of Neurons based on direction of impulse Afferent (sensory) neurons – conduct impulses towards the CNS Efferent (motor) neurons – conduct impulses away from the CNS Internuncial (association) Neurons –carry impulses between neurons within the CNS (may be either sensory or motor)

11. Structural Classification of Neurons

12. Unipolar Neuron

13. Bipolar Neuron

14. Multipolar Neuron

15. Pyramidal Cells (slide #29)

16. Neuron Structure – Cell Body (= Soma)

17. contains the usual cellular organelles synthesis & metabolism occurs primarily in the soma the outer cell membrane contains the receptors for incoming information (stimuli) most cell bodies are located within the CNS nuclei clusters of neuron cell bodies in the CNS are called nuclei ganglia clusters of neuron cell bodies in the PNS are called ganglia

18. Histology of Nervous Tissue Parts of a Neuron

20. Schematic diagram of a neuron

21. TEM of Nerve Cell Body and Axon Nu = nucleus Ax = Axon Fi = neurofilaments; Re = RER; Go = golgi; Mi = Mitochondria

22. Nerve Cell Body with dark staining Nissl

23. Mitochondria M Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum rER Nucleus N Golgi Apparatus G Microtubules T Synapse Terminal bouton TB Ultrastructure of The Neuron (Electron Microscope) EM Lysosome L

24. A Review of the Neuron Structure Relationship of the 4 parts of a neuron (dendrites, cell body, axon, and synaptic terminals); - the functional activities of each part - the normal direction of action potential conduction

25. Pyramidal Cells, 2

26. Purkinje Cells, 2

27. Purkinje Cells, 3

28. Purkinje Cells, 4 cytoskeleton stain

29. Neurons with different staining methods Axon A Dendrite DNeuron N Terminal bouton B