Chapter 10 The Growth of Democracy Chapter 10 The Growth of Democracy OUT OF MANY A HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

MAP 11.1 Population Trends: Westward Expansion, 1830 Westward population movement, only a trickle in 1800, had become a flood by Between 1800 and 1830, the U.S. white and African American population more than doubled (from 5.3 million to 12.9 million), but the trans- Appalachian population grew tenfold (from 370,000 to 3.7 million). By 1830, more than a third of the nation’s inhabitants lived west of the original thirteen states. 2 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

FIGURE 11.1 Race Exclusions for Suffrage, 1790–1855 This graph shows that as the number of states increased so did the percentage that excluded African American men from voting. None of the states that entered the Union after 1819 allowed African American suffrage. SOURCE: Alexander Keyssar, The Right to Vote (New York: Basic Books,2000) p © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

MAP 11.2 The Election of 1824 The presidential vote of 1824 was clearly sectional. John Quincy Adams carried his native New England and little else, Henry Clay carried only his own state of Kentucky and two adjoining states, and Crawford’s appeal was limited to Virginia and Georgia. Only Andrew Jackson moved beyond the regional support of the Old Southwest to wider appeal and the greatest number of electoral votes. Because no candidate had a majority, however, the election was thrown into the House of Representatives, which chose Adams. 4 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

This well-known painting by George Caleb Bingham, Stump Speaking, shows a group of men (and boys and dogs) of all social classes brought together by their common interest in politics. SOURCE: George Caleb Bingham (American 1811 –79), “Stump Speaking,” 1853 –54. Oil on canvas, 42 1 /2 x 58 in. Saint Louis Art Museum, Gift of Bank of America. 5 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Politics, abetted by the publication of inexpensive party newspapers, was a great topic of conversation among men in early nineteenth-century America, as Richard Caton Woodville’s 1845 painting Politics in an Oyster House suggests. SOURCE: Richard Caton Woodville, “Politics in an Oyster House,” The Walters Art Museum, Baltimore. 6 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

FIGURE 11.2 The Burgeoning of Newspapers Newspapers have a long history in the United States. Even before the American Revolution, the colonies boasted 37 newspapers, and within little more than a decade, that number had nearly tripled. Toward the end of the century, however, the number of newspapers expanded rapidly, by 1835 numbering more than 30 times that of © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

FIGURE 11.3 Pre–Civil War Voter Turnout The turnout of voters in presidential elections more than doubled from 1824 to 1828, the year Andrew Jackson was first elected. Turnout surged to 80 percent in 1840, the year the Whigs triumphed. The extension of suffrage to all white men, and heated competition between two political parties with nationwide membership, turned presidential election campaigns into events with great popular appeal. 8 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

9 This anti-Jackson “coffin bill” from the election of 1828 accuses Jackson of murder because he ordered the three men executed for desertion during the War of 1812.

MAP 11.3 The Election of 1828 Andrew Jackson’s victory in 1828 was the first success of the new national party system. The coalition of state parties that elected him was national, not regional. Although his support was strongest in the South and West, his ability to carry Pennsylvania and parts of New York demonstrated his national appeal. 10 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

11 Seeing History “President’s Levee, or all Creation Going to the White House.” SOURCE: Robert Cruikshank, President’s Levee, or all Creation Going to the White House, illustrated in The Playfair Papers (London: Saunders and Otley, 1841).

© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 12 Three Great Sectional Leaders. The years of Jackson’s presidency were also notable for the prominence of regional spokesmen, among them John C. Calhoun (top left), who spoke for the South and slavery, Henry Clay (top right) who spoke for the West, and Daniel Webster (bottom left), who represented northern business. Clay’s personal charm is captured in this 1824 portrait, contrasting with Calhoun’s dour expression and Webster’s stern image. SOURCE: (Top right) Matthew H. Joulett ( ), “Henry Clay,” c Oil on panel. (attr. To Joulett) © Chicago Historical Society, Chicago, USA.

MAP 11.4 Southern Indian Cessions and Removals, 1830s Pressure on the five major southern Indian peoples—the Cherokees, Chickasaws, Choctaws, Creeks, and Seminoles— that began during the War of 1812 culminated with their removal in the 1830s. Some groups from every tribe ceded their southern homelands peacefully and moved to the newly established Indian Territory west of Arkansas and Missouri. Some, like the Seminoles, resisted by force. Others, like the Cherokees, resisted in the courts, but finally lost when President Andrew Jackson refused to enforce a Supreme Court decision in their favor. The Cherokees, the last to move, were forcibly removed by the U.S. Army along the “Trail of Tears” in © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

In this political cartoon, Jackson destroys the Second Bank of the United States by withdrawing government deposits. As the Bank crashes, it crushes the director Nicholas Biddle (depicted as the Devil), wealthy investors (with moneybags), and the newspaper editors (surrounded by paper) who opposed Jackson on this issue. 14 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

This figurehead of Andrew Jackson, carved in 1834 for the navy frigate Constitution, captures the unmovable resolve that made Jackson so popular early in his presidency and so reviled during the Bank War. SOURCE: Museum of the City of New York (M52.11). 15 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

This contemporary cartoon bitterly depicts the terrible effects of the Panic of 1837 on ordinary people—bank failures, unemployment, drunkenness, and destitution—which the artist links to the insistence of the rich on payment in specie (as Jackson had required in the Species Circular of 1836). Over the scene waves the American flag, accompanied by the ironic message, “61st Anniversary of our Independence.” 16 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

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MAP 11.5 The Election of 1840 The Whigs triumphed in the election of 1840 by beating the Democrats at their own game. Whigs could expect to do well in the commercializing areas of New England and the Old Northwest, but their adopted strategy of popular campaigning worked well in the largely rural South and West as well, contributing to Harrison’s victory. The Whigs’ choice of John Tyler as vice presidential candidate, another strategy designed to appeal to southern voters, backfired when Harrison died and Tyler, who did not share Whig principles, became America’s first vice president to succeed to the presidency. 18 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

A Regular Row in the Backwoods. The 1841 issue of the Crockett Almanac, named after the Tennessee backwoodsman made famous by his self-serving tall tales, portrayed a rough rural “sport.” Inexpensive comic almanacs combined illustrated jokes on topical subjects with astrological and weather predictions. 19 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Boston Athenaeum was one of Boston’s leading cultural institutions. The library, shown in this engraving, was probably the finest in the country in the early nineteenth century. 20 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

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