Ecosystem response to rain events and the onset of the winter. Rain episodes in Yatir are short following by long periods with no rain. Occasionally during.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Geography Sec 1 E learning Lesson
Advertisements

Introduction to Biomes
Plant Canopies and Carbon Dioxide Flux At night: - flux directed from canopy to the atmosphere - respiration from leaves, plant roots, soil Daytime:-
– Winter Ecology. Introduction  Global Climate Change  How microbs may be affected by snowpack depth  Temperature/precipitation trends.
A NEW LAND-LAKE SENSOR NETWORK FOR MEASURING GREENHOUSE GAS, WATER, AND ENERGY EXCHANGES: USE IN EDUCATION AND OUTREACH 1. Introduction Stepien, Carol.
Satellite and Tower Data Reveal Unique Climate Over the Southern Sierra Nevada Eric Waller Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management.
1.The effects of reduced tillage resulted in lower microbial R during the interval between fall plowing and the onset of winter. Carbon gain from the oats.
Climate. Introduction Factors that influence climate. Factors that influence climate. 1. Latitude 1. Latitude 2. Distance from sea / ocean 2. Distance.
Climate.
THE DESERT BIOME BY: KARIS. TEMPERATURE/ SEASONS o Desert fluctuate from day to night. Winter temperatures are lower than usual in the spring and summer.
Temperate deciduous forest [Meteorologist]
Biomes Of the World Karlo Sam & Mike. Where in the World is Mike? Characteristics of this biome include: Extremely cold climate Low biotic diversity Simple.
Climate and Climate Change
Climate and Climate Change
World Climates Chapter 21, Section 2.
Earth Science 17.3 Temperature Controls
Making sure we can handle the extremes! Carolyn Olson, Ph.D. 90 th Annual Outlook Forum February 20-21, 2014.
Prentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE
Climate.
Biomes of the World. Weather vs. Climate Weather – the day-to-day condition of Earth’s atmosphere at a certain time and place. Climate – the average yearly.
Harry Williams, Earth Science1 CLIMATIC REGIONS Climate = "Long-term average weather, including an indication of temperature levels, rainfall totals and.
Climatic Zones p P. 75 fig. 5.1.
MANAGING Tough Times Climate Change and Agriculture.
The day on which the sun’s rays shine directly overhead at noon at either the Tropic of Cancer or the Tropic of Capricorn. Marks the beginning of winter.
Biomes. Major Biomes Tropical rain forest Tropical rain forest Tropical dry forest Tropical dry forest Savanna Savanna Grassland Grassland Desert Desert.
Chapter 4: Kinds of Ecosystems Section. 4.1: Forests.
Warm-Up!!!!!!!!!!! What country has the coldest average temperature in the world? What country has the hottest average temperature in the world? Where.
Weather of the Prairies Sarah Marsden. Weather Patterns Over the course of a year, the temperature is typically around -3°F to 73°F and is near never.
LONG-TERM TALL TOWER CO 2 MONITORING IN HUNGARY László HASZPRA Hungarian Meteorological Service Zoltán BARCZA Eötvös Loránd University.
Spring Budburst Study A Research project Model Secondary School for the Deaf Indiana School for the Deaf Spring 2007.
Climate: The average, year-after-year conditions of temperature, precipitation, winds and clouds in an area.
Ecosystem Water Use: A Concept Linking Water and Carbon Fluxes Jiquan Chen Landscape Ecology & Ecosystem Science (LEES) Lab University of Toledo Feb. 21,
Seasonal variations in C and H 2 O cycling of a tropical transitional forest George L Vourlitis 1, Nicolau Priante Filho 2, José de Souza Nogueira 2, Luciana.
By: Allison Gordon, Christin Garrison, Jacob Ivey, Juda.
Introduction to Biomes and Climatograms. What is a biome? A biome is a large group of ecosystems that share the same type of climate and communities.
World Climates. The Köppen Climate Classification System The Köppen climate classification system uses mean monthly and annual values of temperature and.
Biodiversity total number of species within an ecosystem and the resulting complexities of interactions among them Biomes all of the life-supporting regions.
Earth Science Chapter 8 Climates.
Biomes of the World.
Biomes of the World.
Biomes of the World.
By: Jada Rowe, Madison Medina, Alex Benvenuti, Alejandro Gonzalez
World Climates Chapter 21, Section 2.
Introduction of Meteorology
Climate.
Hydraulic Redistribution of Soil Water in a Drained Loblolly Pine Plantation: Quantifying Patterns and Controls over Soil-to-Root and Canopy-to-Atmosphere.
World Climates Chapter 21, Section 2.
Defining Biomes Chapter 4.4.
Earth’s Biomes.
Warm-up 10/24/16 What are biomes?
Biomes of the World.
What is a biome? A BIOME is the largest geographic biotic unit, a major community of ________ and ___________ with ________ life forms and ___________conditions.
Köppen Classification System
22.4 Biomes page 758 Key Concepts: What are the six major biomes found on Earth? What factors determine the type of biome found in an area? What do.
Biomes of the World.
Dendrometric measurements reveal stages leading to tree mortality in a semiarid pine forest Fyodor Tatarinov, Yakir Preisler, Tamir Klein, Eyal Rotenberg,
CLIMATE Key question #10 What is the difference between climate and weather? How do we pictorially represent climate over a year?
Biomes of the World.
How do the four seasons effect the Weather?
Biomes of the World.
Earth & Sun.
Biomes of the World.
Biomes of the World.
Chapter 21 Biomes of the World
Biomes of the World.
Biomes of the World.
What is a biome? A BIOME is the largest geographic biotic unit, a major community of plants and animals with similar life forms and environmental conditions.
Why do different organisms live in different places?
Biomes of the World.
Climate.
Presentation transcript:

Ecosystem response to rain events and the onset of the winter. Rain episodes in Yatir are short following by long periods with no rain. Occasionally during these breaks dry and hot conditions occur, even in the coldest months. The forest is adapted to respond fast to rain water input:  First considerable rain of 38 mm (December 01), came after seven and half months off no rain. Within 4 days after the rain the daily NEE more than tripled from prior days. In the wet season the response to water input after rainless month or is even higher, up to a five fold increase.  CO 2 flushes in the autumn following rain events are strongly represented in the figure even after a few mm rain. Sustaining some photosynthetic activity during most of the dry hot periods and various drought-survival strategies (See poster by Lin et al.) enable the trees fast response to a new water input. Figure 4. Daily sum of NEE and precipitation at the onset of the winter at the 2001/02 growing season. The daily cycles of CO 2 fluxes  Following the similarity in the rain amount, the monthly average CO 2 fluxes (NEE) patterns of the two years are almost identically.  February ’ s bowl shaped NEE reflects little water stress on the trees in the wet season. In other seasons mid day depression are clearly present.  At the August summer peak, the trees still sustain activity, but is confined to the early morning and late afternoon hours.  With autumn temperature drop, even before the arrival of the first rain, the activity hours are extended to all the sunny hours.  Night time respiration reflects the daily activities, highest inthe winter and lowest in Summer, so the winter to summer ratio is much smaller. Figure 3. Seasonal pattern of the monthly ½ hours average daily cycle of CO2 fluxes (uncorrected for nighttime loss). Ecosystem to atmosphere CO 2 and water fluxes:  Net carbon sequestration by the forest ecosystem, corrected for nighttime flux losses were -140 g C m -2 for the year October 2000 to September 2001 and -190 g C m -2 at the following year.  Although the ½ an hour forest assimilation rates are low compared to colder wetter sites, partially due to a low LAI (~1.5), the overall carbon sequestration is similar to the European average as a result of low decomposition rate.  Yearly evapotranspiration accounts for ~70% of the annual precipitation. Figure 2. Monthly sum of net ecosystem carbon flux (corrected for nighttime losses) and the water vapor flux of the two growing years (00/01 & 01/02). Forest adaptation to arid-land climate conditions Eyal Rotenberg, Tongbao Lin, José M. Grünzweig, Debbie L. Hemming, Kadmiel Maseyk and Dan Yakir Dept. of Environmental Sciences & Energy Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot. Israel Weather conditions at Yatir. Long periods of dry and hot conditions are characterizing the climate at Yatir, where:  Long-term precipitation average of 278 mm ( ); 200 mm for the five years prior to station establishment and 298 and 313 mm for the growing years 00/01 and 01/02 respectively.  The dry season lasts for six to seven and a half months. Rain is the only water source to the forest as the water table is a few hundred meters below.  13 0 C winter midday average temperature, 31 0 C summer midday average temperature.  Average midday relative humidity (RH) of 35% during peak activity, 5% was the lowest RH measured during this period.  Leaf to atmosphere water gradients are high most of the year round; daytime vapor pressure deficit (VPD) being above 3000 Pa 10% of the time during 01/02 season.  Soil water content at 0 to 20 cm depth ranged from 0.23 to 0.32 cm 3 /cm 3 in winter to 0.06 to 0.09 cm 3 /cm 3 in summer. Introduction. Dry shrubland and grassland covers about 20% of the Earth land surface, with carbon storage being relatively low. For the last three years we studied the functioning of the Yatir Pinus halepensis afforestation, at the desert edge (aridity factor <0.15), and identified several unique characteristics, including carbon sequestration rates (NEE; eddy covariance technique) similar to European forests. The productive period is off-phase to other Northern Hemisphere temperate and boreal forests, thus enjoying an enriched atmospheric CO2 concentration of around 10 ppm. While stem growth is concurrent with the productive wet season, leaf elongation occurs through the mainly rainless period (April to October). Despite extreme drought, the forest showed some CO 2 uptake throughout the whole summer, mainly in early morning and at late afternoon. Monthly NEE and ET fluxes were strongly correlated, with high water use efficiency during the productive period and no correlation in the summer. Daily NEE increased rapidly in response to water input. Figure 1. Monthly values for the growing years (Oct. to Sep., 00/01 & 01/02) of: a. average, maximum and minimum (daily range) values of air temperature, b. precipitation amount c. monthly average soil water contain at 0-40 cm, and d. Histogram of 01/02 daytime VPD. Ecosystem water use efficiency (WUE): In an ecosystem which receives rain in short periods, has a high evaporation demand that rapidly dries the surfaces and with low soil decomposition rate, the ratio of the carbon to the water flux of the ecosystem represents, to the first degree, tree WUE. Figure 5. Monthly ½ hours average of the daytime fluxes of CO 2 (NEE) vs. water above the canopy, in November 00, February, May and July 01.  At Yatir from autumn to spring, which are relatively dry and hot, WUE (=NEE/ET) are within the range found in wetter sites.  February CO 2 fluxes show relatively high correlation (R 2 = 0.78) to water fluxes with WUE of -3.1 mg C/g H 2 O.  At drier months the correlation breaks, and no correlation is seen in July when the ecosystem becomes a carbon source. Conclusions.  Yatir afforestation carbon sequestration, around 170 g C m -2 y -1 is within the range found in more forests favorable climates. This shows the possibility of establishing forests on some of the Earth arid-land areas, and they potential to considerably enhance global carbon sequestration.  Avoiding assimilation in the dry hot hours while sustaining at least some activity all year, a relatively high WUE in mild months and hence conserving water for use in the stress periods and minimizing water losses in this period, combined with the plants strategy for drought survival, are some of the mechanisms that explain the ability of the forest to grow in arid conditions.  Considering a possible warmer future world, Yatir forest enables studying the influence of dry and hot conditions on canopies and ecosystems most forests currently do not experience.  Although in July VPD could be twice or more the February values the water loss is half. a b c d