1. Climate

2. Introduction Factors that influence climate. Factors that influence climate. 1. Latitude 1. Latitude 2. Distance from sea / ocean 2. Distance from sea / ocean 3. Prevailing winds and air masses 3. Prevailing winds and air masses

3. Latitude Latitude is the distance north or south of the equator. Latitude is the distance north or south of the equator. In general, the further north or south of the equator an area is, the colder it will be. In general, the further north or south of the equator an area is, the colder it will be.

4. Distance from the sea / ocean. Water in the sea absorbs heat very slowly during the summer. Water in the sea absorbs heat very slowly during the summer. It also loses its heat very slowly during the winter. It also loses its heat very slowly during the winter. Therefore, areas of land close to the sea will be cooled by the water in the summer, and warmed up by the water in the winter. Therefore, areas of land close to the sea will be cooled by the water in the summer, and warmed up by the water in the winter. Therefore, areas close to the sea tend to have a small temperature range. Therefore, areas close to the sea tend to have a small temperature range.

5. Distance from the sea / ocean. Land absorbs heat very quickly during the summer, and loses it very quickly during the winter. Land absorbs heat very quickly during the summer, and loses it very quickly during the winter. Therefore, inland areas far from the sea tend to have very hot summers and very cold winters. Therefore, inland areas far from the sea tend to have very hot summers and very cold winters. Therefore, inland areas far from the sea tend to have a larger temperature range than coastal areas. (Areas beside the sea). Therefore, inland areas far from the sea tend to have a larger temperature range than coastal areas. (Areas beside the sea).

6. Distance from the sea / ocean.

7. Prevailing Winds and Air Masses Winds and air masses can make an area colder, warmer, wetter or drier. Winds and air masses can make an area colder, warmer, wetter or drier. Their influence will depend on the direction they come from and whether they pass over land or water. Their influence will depend on the direction they come from and whether they pass over land or water.

8. Prevailing Winds and Air Masses

9. Factors that influence local climate Local climate is the climate experienced by a small region, for example, the Wicklow Mountains. Local climate is the climate experienced by a small region, for example, the Wicklow Mountains. Even though Wicklow is in Ireland, the area of the Wicklow mountains would generally be colder and wetter than low lying Co. Kildare. Even though Wicklow is in Ireland, the area of the Wicklow mountains would generally be colder and wetter than low lying Co. Kildare. Local climates are influenced by the shape of the land, in particular, Aspect and Altitude. Local climates are influenced by the shape of the land, in particular, Aspect and Altitude.

10. Aspect Aspect refers to the direction in which a slope is facing. For example, a slope can be facing north or south. Aspect refers to the direction in which a slope is facing. For example, a slope can be facing north or south. In the northern hemisphere, where we live, south facing slopes are warmer. Why? In the northern hemisphere, where we live, south facing slopes are warmer. Why? There are 3 reasons why. There are 3 reasons why. The sun shines directly onto south facing slopes. The sun shines directly onto south facing slopes. Warm southerly winds blow against south facing slopes. Warm southerly winds blow against south facing slopes. They are protected from the cold northerly winds. They are protected from the cold northerly winds.

11. Aspect

12. Altitude Altitude refers to height above sea level. Altitude refers to height above sea level. In general, the higher you go, the colder it is. In general, the higher you go, the colder it is. The temperature drops 7°C for each 1000m you go up. Why? The temperature drops 7°C for each 1000m you go up. Why? There are two reasons for this. There are two reasons for this. This is because the air is thinner and it can hold less heat. This is because the air is thinner and it can hold less heat. Upland areas are more exposed to the wind which also makes it colder. This is known as the Wind Chill Factor. Upland areas are more exposed to the wind which also makes it colder. This is known as the Wind Chill Factor.

13. Altitude

14. Case Study: Mount Kilimanjaro: Even though this mountain is in Africa, and very close to the equator, it is so high that the top part of the mountain is covered in snow all year round. The word Kilimanjaro means White Mountain, just like Mont Blanc in the Alps.

15. Where is Mount Kilimanjaro? = Mt. Kilimanjaro = The Equator

16. Mount Kilimanjaro

17. Mt. Kilimanjaro is made from 3 inactive volcanoes. Mt. Kilimanjaro is made from 3 inactive volcanoes. It is in north-eastern Tanzania, 340 km south of the Equator close to the border with Kenya. It is in north-eastern Tanzania, 340 km south of the Equator close to the border with Kenya. It is the highest mountain in Africa at 5,895 metres. It is the highest mountain in Africa at 5,895 metres. Mount Kilimanjaro is one of the tallest freestanding mountains in the world, rising 4600 m from the base. Mount Kilimanjaro is one of the tallest freestanding mountains in the world, rising 4600 m from the base.

18. World Climates There are many different climate types in the world. There are many different climate types in the world. World climates can be put into 3 groups. World climates can be put into 3 groups. 1. Hot Climates 1. Hot Climates 2. Temperate Climates 2. Temperate Climates 3. Cold Climates 3. Cold Climates

19. The Major Climates of the World

20. Hot Temperate Cold Hot Temperate Cold EquatorialCool TemperateBoreal SavannaWarm TemperateTundra Hot Desert

21. Hot Climates of the World Most hot climates are found within latitudes 30°N and 30°S. In other words, they are found close to the equator. Most hot climates are found within latitudes 30°N and 30°S. In other words, they are found close to the equator.

22. Hot Climates of the World

23. Hot Climates Equatorial Climate Equatorial Climate Hot all year (28°C) Hot all year (28°C) One Season One Season Rain every afternoon. Rain every afternoon. Rainfall 2000mm / yr Rainfall 2000mm / yr Rainforest / jungle. Rainforest / jungle. Savanna Climate Savanna Climate Hot all year (25-35°C) Hot all year (25-35°C) Two seasons Two seasons Wet summers, dry winters Wet summers, dry winters Scattered trees / grassland Scattered trees / grassland

24. Hot Climates Desert Climate Desert Climate Temperature: Day – 30-50°C Night 5°C Temperature: Day – 30-50°C Night 5°C Precipitation: Precipitation: There is very little rain (100mm per year). There is very little rain (100mm per year). There are long droughts (no rain) followed by sudden downpours. There are long droughts (no rain) followed by sudden downpours.

25. Desert Climate: Temperature + Precipitation

26. Questions What is the temperature in December? What is the temperature in December? What is the temperature in August? What is the temperature in August? How many millimetres of rain fell in January? How many millimetres of rain fell in January? How many millimetres of rain fell in July? How many millimetres of rain fell in July? What is the average monthly rainfall from October to March, and from April to September? What is the average monthly rainfall from October to March, and from April to September? Calculate the temperature range. Calculate the temperature range.

27. Plants and Animals in the Desert. It is difficult for plants and animals to survive in the desert because there is so little water. It is difficult for plants and animals to survive in the desert because there is so little water. Plants that survive have adapted to the desert climate. One example is the Cactus. Plants that survive have adapted to the desert climate. One example is the Cactus. It has thick bark which prevents loss of moisture and it can store water inside it. The spread out over long distance to reach available water. The needles protect it from wild animals. It has thick bark which prevents loss of moisture and it can store water inside it. The spread out over long distance to reach available water. The needles protect it from wild animals.

28. Animals in the Desert An example of an animal that has adapted to life in the desert is the camel. An example of an animal that has adapted to life in the desert is the camel. They have long eye lashes to protect their eyes and thick skin on their legs so they can kneel in the hot sand. They have wide hooves for walking in the sand and can store fat in their humps for when food is scarce. They have long eye lashes to protect their eyes and thick skin on their legs so they can kneel in the hot sand. They have wide hooves for walking in the sand and can store fat in their humps for when food is scarce.

29. Temperate Climates of the World

30. Cool Temperate Oceanic Climate Warm summers 15-17°C Warm summers 15-17°C Mild winters 4-6°C. Mild winters 4-6°C. Rain throughout the year, most in winter. Rain throughout the year, most in winter. Weather is cloudy and changes often Weather is cloudy and changes often

31. Warm Temperate Oceanic

32. Warm Temperate Oceanic Climate This is also known as a Mediterranean climate because many countries around the Mediterranean Sea experience this type of climate. This is also known as a Mediterranean climate because many countries around the Mediterranean Sea experience this type of climate. Summers are hot and dry, 30°C. Summers are hot and dry, 30°C. Winters are mild and moist, 4-6°C, with 400 – 700mm of rain. Winters are mild and moist, 4-6°C, with 400 – 700mm of rain.

33. Warm Temperate Oceanic

34. Questions What is the temperature in December? What is the temperature in December? What is the temperature in March? What is the temperature in March? What is the temperature in July? What is the temperature in July? How much rain fell in May? How much rain fell in May? How much rain fell in November? How much rain fell in November? Calculate the total amount of rainfall throughout the entire year. Calculate the total amount of rainfall throughout the entire year. Calculate the average rainfall from April to September, and from October to March. Calculate the average rainfall from April to September, and from October to March. Contrast the amount of rainfall during these two periods. Contrast the amount of rainfall during these two periods. Calculate the average temperature for Dec, Jan, Feb, and Jun, Jul, Aug. Calculate the average temperature for Dec, Jan, Feb, and Jun, Jul, Aug. What is the temperature range? What is the temperature range?

35. Cold Climates of the World

36. Boreal Climate Summers are short, long days, 10-15°C Summers are short, long days, 10-15°C Winters are very cold, long nights, -25 °C Winters are very cold, long nights, -25 °C Low precipitation 400mm / year. Low precipitation 400mm / year. Natural Vegetation is the Taiga – Evergreen coniferous forest. Natural Vegetation is the Taiga – Evergreen coniferous forest.

37. Tundra Climate Summers are short and cool, rarely above 15°C. Summers are short and cool, rarely above 15°C. Winters are long and cold, as low as -35°C Winters are long and cold, as low as -35°C Large temperature range. Large temperature range. Precipitation (snow) less than 250mm / year. Precipitation (snow) less than 250mm / year. Little vegetation because of extreme cold. Little vegetation because of extreme cold. Animals and birds during the summer but not winter. Animals and birds during the summer but not winter.

38. Taiga Forest

39. Boreal Climate

40. Questions What is the temperature in August? What is the temperature in August? What is the temperature in January? What is the temperature in January? How much rain fell in March? How much rain fell in March? How much rain fell in July? How much rain fell in July? What was the average amount of rainfall from May to October? What was the average amount of rainfall from May to October? What was the average amount of rainfall from November to April? What was the average amount of rainfall from November to April? What was the average temperature from May to October? What was the average temperature from May to October? What was the average temperature from November to April? What was the average temperature from November to April? Calculate the mean temperature for the year. Calculate the mean temperature for the year. Calculate the temperature range. Calculate the temperature range.

41. Revision Questions 1. List 3 factors that can influence world climates. 1. List 3 factors that can influence world climates. 2. Explain how each factor can influence world climates. 2. Explain how each factor can influence world climates. 3. List 2 factors that can influence local climates. 3. List 2 factors that can influence local climates. 4. Explain in detail how each factor can influence local climates. (D) 4. Explain in detail how each factor can influence local climates. (D) 5. List the 3 different groups of climate on earth. 5. List the 3 different groups of climate on earth. 6. Make 3 lists showing all the climates in each group. 6. Make 3 lists showing all the climates in each group. 7. List 3 countries with hot climates. 7. List 3 countries with hot climates. 8. Using the headings temperature, rainfall, vegetation/animals write a detailed summary of two hot climates. 8. Using the headings temperature, rainfall, vegetation/animals write a detailed summary of two hot climates. 9. Select one plant and one animal and explain how they have adapted to live in a hot climate. 9. Select one plant and one animal and explain how they have adapted to live in a hot climate. 10. List 3 countries with temperate climates. 10. List 3 countries with temperate climates. 11. Using the headings temperature, rainfall, write a detailed summary of two temperate climates. 11. Using the headings temperature, rainfall, write a detailed summary of two temperate climates. 12. List three countries with cold climates. 12. List three countries with cold climates. 13. Select one plant / animal and explain how they have adapted to live in a cold climate. 13. Select one plant / animal and explain how they have adapted to live in a cold climate.

42. Sample Answers Section 2, Q.2. Section 2, Q.2. Altitude means height above sea level. It affects climate in the following way. The higher above sea level you go, the colder it gets. The temperature drops 7°C for every 1000m you go up. There are two reasons for this. a). The air is thinner and can hold less heat. b). You are more exposed to the wind. This is called the wind chill factor.

43. Sample Answers Section 2, Q.3 Section 2, Q.3 Aspect refers to the direction in which a slope is facing. It affects climate in the following way. In the northern hemisphere south facing slopes are warmer than north facing slopes. There are 3 reasons for this. a). South facing slopes receive direct sunlight. b). They receive warm winds coming from the south. c). They are protected from cold winds coming from the north. The opposite is true for North facing slopes and so they are colder.