Increasing & Decreasing Behaviors 1

Increasing Behaviors 2

Positive Reinforcers □ Add something to the environment □ Performer works to get it again Primary/Secondary Natural/Created Social Tangible 3

Negative Reinforcers □ Behavior increases to terminate an aversive event or to reduce intensity of an aversive event □ Something is subtracted from the environment 4

Negative Reinforcement in Action 5

Maintaining Performance: Schedules of Reinforcement 6

Scheduling Options □ Continuous □ Intermittent □ Extinction 7

Scheduling Options □ Continuous □ Intermittent □ Extinction □ Fixed/Variable □ Interval/Ratio 8

Intermittent Scheduling Fixed □ Regular, predictable Variable □ Random occurrence 9

Intermittent Scheduling Interval □ Passage of time Ratio □ Occurrence of behavior 10

FI VI FR VR IntervalRatio Fixed Variable 11

How Schedules Shape Behavior □ Which schedule best initiates behavior? 12

How Schedules Shape Behavior □ Which schedule best initiates behavior? □ Which schedule best sustains behavior? 13

How Schedules Shape Behavior □ Which schedule best initiates behavior? □ Which schedule best sustains behavior? □ Which schedule best stops behavior? 14

Which Schedule Results in the Most Responses? 15

Decreasing Behaviors 16

Punishers □ Any consequence that follows a behavior that causes a reduction in the frequency of that behavior. 17

Penalties □ Engaging in a behavior causes the performer to lose something of value. 18

Why are Punishment & Penalty so Popular? 19

What are the Negative Side Effects of Punishment? □ Escape & avoidance behaviors created □ Desired as well as undesired performance decreases □ Does not increase performance □ Increases aggression □ Mistakes -> problems □ Consequences removed -> unwanted recovery 20

Summary 21