Chapter 11 WATER Mr. Manskopf Notes can also be found at

How many bodies of water can you identify/locate? Is there more or less water on Earth today then there was 1 billion years ago?

Goals for Chapter 11… Describe where Earth’s water resources are located. Describe where Earth’s water resources are located. How is Earth’s water a limited resource? How is Earth’s water a limited resource? How can we manage our water resources better? How can we manage our water resources better? What are the main causes and impacts of water pollution? What are the main causes and impacts of water pollution?

Next time you take a drink, think about where that water might have been before.

Next time rain drops fall on you, think about where that water might have been just a few days ago.

Water is a powerful force on Earth’s surface

Water is critical to life…how long can you survive without it?

It is a precious resource we often take for granted

It is sacred to some : The Maya believed natural wells, such as the Xkeken cenote in Mexico's Yucatán, led to the underworld.

Water Is Unique Can’t live without Can’t live without Takes long time to change temperature Takes long time to change temperature Stays liquid over large range of temps. Stays liquid over large range of temps. Expands when freezes Expands when freezes Great at dissolving things Great at dissolving things Commonly found as solid, liquid and gas Commonly found as solid, liquid and gas

Section 1: Water Resources GOALS: Describe the location of water on Earth’s surface. Describe the location of water on Earth’s surface. How does the water cycle “work?” How does the water cycle “work?” Explain why freshwater is a limited resource. Explain why freshwater is a limited resource. TERMS: surface water, river system, watershed, groundwater, aquifer, porosity, permeability, recharge zone, water cycle TERMS: surface water, river system, watershed, groundwater, aquifer, porosity, permeability, recharge zone, water cycle

Water Cycle

The continual process by which water moves through living and nonliving parts of our world. Solar Powered Solar Powered Renewable Resource Renewable Resource “Steps” followed “Steps” followed

Make up a story following a water molecule through the water cycle

Where is water found? 71% of earth is covered in water 97% of that is in oceans Most of the remaining 3% fresh, mainly in ice caps and glaciers.

Why is water a limited resource?

Surface Water Fresh water on Earth’s land Fresh water on Earth’s land Rivers Rivers Lakes Lakes Streams Streams Ponds Ponds Critical for: drinking, transportation, waste removal, industry, food, farming, recreation Critical for: drinking, transportation, waste removal, industry, food, farming, recreation

Watershed: an area of land that is drained by a single river Bathtub analogy How can a farmer in NY State Impact drinking water in Camden? Who should set pollution laws LOCAL, SATE, FEDERAL?

Mississippi River Watershed is the largest in U.S. How does a cattle farmer in Montana potentially impact a shrimp fisherman in Louisiana? RIVER SYSTEM

World’s River Systems and Watershed

Groundwater

Water beneath Earth’s surface, located in rocks, sediment and soil Camden’s tap water How does it get there? How can we use it?

Groundwater What is a recharge zone?

Aquifer Underground rock formation containing water Important source of water

Aquifers

Porosity How much space (pores) or holes found in rock Where water can flow through Porous rock can hold lots of water

Permeable vs. Impermeable The ability of rock or soil to allow water to flow through it Sand and gravel are permeable Clay and blacktop are impermeable

Permeable vs. Impermeable

Section 1 REVIEW Describe the location of water on Earth’s surface. Describe the location of water on Earth’s surface. How does the water cycle “work?” How does the water cycle “work?” Explain why freshwater is a limited resource. Explain why freshwater is a limited resource. TERMS: surface water, river system, watershed, groundwater, aquifer, porosity, permeability, recharge zone, water cycle TERMS: surface water, river system, watershed, groundwater, aquifer, porosity, permeability, recharge zone, water cycle

Section 2 : Water Use and Management GOALS: Identify how water is used in home, industry and agriculture. Explain how and why water is treated before coming to your home. Describe ways to increase water supplies Identify ways to conserve water TERMS: potable, pathogen, dam, reservoir, desalinization

Aylito Binayo's feet know the mountain. Even at four in the morning she can run down the rocks to the river by starlight alone and climb the steep mountain back up to her village with 50 pounds of water on her back. She has made this journey three times a day for nearly all her 25 years. So has every other woman in her village of Foro, in the Konso district of southwestern Ethiopia. Binayo dropped out of school when she was eight years old, in part because she had to help her mother fetch water from the Toiro River. The water is dirty and unsafe to drink; every year that the ongoing drought continues, the once mighty river grows more exhausted. But it is the only water Foro has ever had.

According to the U.N., 1 billion people do not have access to clean, reliable fresh water

How Much Water Do You Use Average person in U.S. uses about 80 gallons a day

What can you learn from this chart?

How Much Water Is Needed onment/freshwater/embedded-water/ Your water footprint onment/freshwater/water-footprint-calculator/

Making Water Safe Potable: safe to drink Most water needs to be treated Pathogens: organisms that cause diseases Bacteria, viruses, worms

Uses of Water Industrial Water Use 19% of worldwide water use Cooling power plants To make “stuff”

Uses of Water Agriculture: 67% of worldwide water use Irrigation: providing water to plants 80 gallons to produce 1 ear of corn 1 lb. beef = 1,000 gal. LOTS OF WATER

Irrigation

Drip Irrigation, reduces that number greatly As much as 80% normally evaporates

Water Management Humans have altered water flow for thousands of years Engineering Dams, canals, pipes, towers bring water to where it is needed

California aqueduct brings water hundreds of miles, across deserts, mountains

Dams and Reservoirs Reservoir: an artificial lake often behind a dam Dams: Flood control Recreation Supply water Generate electricity

Large losses of water through evaporation Large losses of water through evaporation Flooded land destroys forests or cropland and displaces people Flooded land destroys forests or cropland and displaces people Downstream flooding is reduced Downstream cropland and estuaries are deprived of nutrient-rich silt Downstream cropland and estuaries are deprived of nutrient-rich silt Reservoir is useful for recreation and fishing Can produce cheap electricity (hydropower) Migration and spawning of some fish are disrupted Provides water for year-round irrigation of cropland Pros and Cons of Dams

Desalinization Removing salt from salt water Has a lot of promise Very energy intensive Very expensive What to do with waste? Future?

Water Conservation Fastest, easiest way to increase water supplies is to use less water Agriculture Industry At home What are some ways you can conserve water?

Section 2 Review Identify how water is used in home, industry and agriculture. Explain how and why water is treated before coming to your home. Describe ways to increase water supplies Identify ways to conserve water TERMS: potable, pathogen, dam, reservoir, desalinization

Section 3: Water Pollution GOALS: Compare point-sources and non-point sources of water pollution Describe the 5 classifications of water pollution Explain why it is difficult to clean up groundwater What does the Clean Water Act do? TERMS: water pollution, point-source, non- point source, wastewater, biomagnification, eutrophication

Freshwater animals are vanishing faster than those on land or at sea.

What is Water Pollution? Water Pollution: is the introduction of chemical, physical, or biological substances that affects organisms that depend upon it Many types of water pollution

Point Source Pollution coming from one single place Leaking tanker Pipe from a factory Leaking underground storage tank Can easily be ID and traced

Point Sources are usually easily identified

Non-Point Source Comes from various sources that are hard to identify and may be spread over a large area Runoff from farms Runoff from cities Hard to ID Hard t o control HUGE PROBLEM

How can a farmer in MT affect a shrimp farmer in Louisiana? NON-Point

NONPOINT SOURCES Urban streets Suburban development Wastewater treatment plant Rural homes Cropland Factory Animal feedlot POINT SOURCES Point vs Non-Point

Types of Water Pollution 1) Wastewater Water that flows down the drain What’s in it? Where does it go? (out- of-sight, out-of-mind) Is it harmful?

Wastewater Treatment

2) Eutrophication Too many nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorous) in the water causes algal blooms and decreased oxygen in water Causes “dead zones” in water Little or no oxygen

Eutrophication

3) Thermal Pollution Occurs when temperature of water rises rapidly Power plants Factories cooling equipment Causes fish kills Decreases oxygen in water

4) Groundwater Pollution Pollution that percolates down from land or surface water pollution Fertilizers, pesticides, leaking underground tanks Many leaking underground tanks

What would make groundwater pollution hard to clean up?

5) Ocean Pollution Pollutants directly or indirectly put into oceans Oil spills Runoff River pollution Cruise Ships Development along coasts Increasingly a problem

Cleaning Up Water Pollution 1969 Cuyahoga River in Cleveland caught fire 1972 Congress passes Clean Water Act 1970s Environmental Activism/Awareness

Cleaning Up Water Pollution Clean Water Act of 1972 was to “restore and maintain the physical, chemical and biological integrity of the nation’s water.” Fishable and Swim able Better, but… still many polluted water bodies

Section 3 Review GOALS: Compare point-sources and non-point sources of water pollution Describe the 5 classifications of water pollution Explain why it is difficult to clean up groundwater What does the Clean Water Act do? TERMS: water pollution, point-source, non-point source, wastewater, biomagnification, eutrophication

Chapter 11 Review Describe where Earth’s water resources are located. Describe where Earth’s water resources are located. How is Earth’s water a limited resource? How is Earth’s water a limited resource? How can we manage our water resources better? How can we manage our water resources better? What are the main causes and impacts of water pollution? What are the main causes and impacts of water pollution?

What does the future hold for water on planet Earth? Climate Change? Melting Glaciers? Human Population rising? Water Scarcity?