1. CHAPTER 11 - WATER

2. Goals for Chapter 11…
Describe where Earth’s water resources are located.
How is Earth’s water a limited resource?
How can we manage our water resources better?
What are the main causes and impacts of water pollution?

3. Next time you take a drink, think about where that water might have been before.

4. Next time rain drops fall on you, think about where that water might have been just a few days ago.

5. Water is critical to life…how long can you survive without it?

6. It is a precious resource we often take for granted

7. It is sacred to some : The Maya believed natural wells, such as the on pictured here, in Mexico's Yucatán, led to the underworld.

8. Section 1: Water Resources
GOALS:
Describe the location of water on Earth’s surface.
How does the water cycle “work?”
Explain why freshwater is a limited resource.
TERMS: surface water, river system, watershed, groundwater, aquifer, porosity, permeability, recharge zone, water cycle

9. Water Cycle
The continual process by which water moves through living and nonliving parts of our world.
Solar Powered
Renewable Resource
“Steps” followed

10. Where is water found? 71% of earth is covered in water
97% of that is in oceans
Most of the remaining 3% fresh, mainly in ice caps and glaciers

11. Why water is a limited resource

12. Surface Water Fresh water on Earth’s land
Rivers
Lakes
Streams
Ponds
Critical for: drinking, transportation, waste removal, industry, food, farming, recreation
Delaware River
Where does all that water come from???

14. Watershed: an area of land that is drained by a single river
How can a farmer in NY State Impact drinking water in NJ?
Who should set pollution laws at LOCAL, SATE, or FEDERAL levels?

15. RIVER SYSTEM – flowing network of water
Mississippi River Watershed is the largest in U.S.
How does a cattle farmer in Montana potentially impact a shrimp fisherman in Louisiana?
RIVER SYSTEM – flowing network of water

16. Continental
Divide
World’s River Systems and Watersheds

17. Groundwater

18. Groundwater
Water beneath Earth’s surface, located in rocks, sediment and soil
Wanaque’s tap water
How does it get there?
How can we use it?

19. Aquifer Underground rock formation containing water
Important source of water

21. Aquifers

22. Porosity How much space (pores) or holes found in rock
Porous rock can hold lots of water

23. Permeable vs. Impermeable
The ability of rock or soil to allow water to flow through it
Sand and gravel are permeable
Clay and blacktop are impermeable

24. Groundwater
What is a recharge zone? – where water percolates into an aquifer

25. WELLS A hole dug or drilled to reach groundwater purified
can run dry if water pumped out faster than recharged

26. Section 1 REVIEW Describe the location of water on Earth’s surface.
How does the water cycle “work?”
Explain why freshwater is a limited resource.
TERMS: surface water, river system, watershed, groundwater, aquifer, porosity, permeability, recharge zone, water cycle

27. Section 2 : Water Use and Management
GOALS:
Identify how water is used in home, industry and agriculture.
Explain how and why water is treated before coming to your home.
Describe ways to increase water supplies
Identify ways to conserve water
TERMS: potable, pathogen, dam, reservoir, desalinization

28. Aylito Binayo's feet know the mountain
Aylito Binayo's feet know the mountain. Even at four in the morning she can run down the rocks to the river by starlight alone and climb the steep mountain back up to her village with 50 pounds of water on her back. She has made this journey three times a day for nearly all her 25 years. So has every other woman in her village of Foro, in the Konso district of southwestern Ethiopia. Binayo dropped out of school when she was eight years old, in part because she had to help her mother fetch water from the Toiro River. The water is dirty and unsafe to drink; every year that the ongoing drought continues, the once mighty river grows more exhausted. But it is the only water Foro has ever had.

29. According to the U.N., 1 billion people do not have access to clean, reliable fresh water

30. How Much Water Do You Use
Average person in U.S. uses about 80 gallons a day

31. What can you learn from this chart?

32. How Much Water Is Needed

33. Making Water Safe Potable: safe to drink
Most water needs to be treated
Pathogens: organisms that cause diseases
Bacteria, viruses, worms

35. Uses of Water Industrial Water Use 19% of worldwide water use
Cooling power plants
To make “stuff”

37. Uses of Water Agriculture: 67% of worldwide water use
Irrigation: providing water to plants
80 gallons to produce 1 ear of corn
1 lb. beef = 1,000 gal.
LOTS OF WATER
Highly inefficient

38. Irrigation

39. Irrigation As much as 80% normally evaporates
Drip Irrigation, reduces that number greatly

40. Water Management Humans have altered water flow for thousands of years
Dams, canals, pipes, towers bring water to where it is needed

42. California aqueduct brings water hundreds of miles, across deserts, mountains

43. Dams and Reservoirs Reservoir: an artificial lake often behind a dam
Flood control
Recreation
Supply water
Generate electricity

44. Pros and Cons of Dams Flooded land destroys forests or cropland and
Large losses
of water through
evaporation
Flooded land destroys forests or cropland and
displaces people
Downstream flooding is reduced
Downstream cropland and
estuaries are deprived of
nutrient-rich silt
Reservoir is useful for recreation and fishing
Can produce cheap electricity (hydropower)
Migration and spawning of some fish are disrupted
Provides water
for year-round
irrigation of
cropland

46. Water Conservation
Fastest, easiest way to increase water supplies is to use less water
Agriculture – drip irrigation
Industry - recycling
At home – change habits
What are some ways you can conserve water?

48. Desalinization Removing salt from salt water Has a lot of promise
Very energy intensive
Very expensive
What to do with waste?
Future?

49. Transport water from other regions
Greece – large plastic bags filled with water bring fresh water to port
Alaska has almost ½ of the water in the US – source for water in CA?

50. Section 2 Review
Identify how water is used in home, industry and agriculture.
Explain how and why water is treated before coming to your home.
Describe ways to increase water supplies
Identify ways to conserve water
TERMS: potable, pathogen, dam, reservoir, desalinization

52. Does our water have dinosaur urine in it?

53. Section 3: Water Pollution
GOALS:
Compare point-sources and non-point sources of water pollution
Describe the 5 classifications of water pollution
Explain why it is difficult to clean up groundwater
What does the Clean Water Act do?
TERMS: water pollution, point-source, non-point source, wastewater, biomagnification, thermal pollution, artificial eutrophication

54. Freshwater animals are vanishing faster than those on land or at sea.
WHY?

55. What is Water Pollution?
Water Pollution: the introduction of chemical, physical, or biological substances that affects organisms that depend upon it
Many types of water pollution

57. Point-Source Pollution
Pollution coming from one single place
Leaking tanker
Pipe from a factory
Leaking underground storage tank
Easily to ID and trace

58. Point Sources are usually easily identified

59. Nonpoint-Source Pollution
Comes from various sources that are hard to identify and may be spread over a large area
Runoff from farms
Runoff from cities
Hard to ID
Hard t o control
HUGE PROBLEM

60. How can a farmer in MT affect a shrimp farmer in Louisiana?
NON-Point

61. Point vs Non-Point NONPOINT SOURCES Rural homes Cropland Urban streets
Suburban development
Wastewater treatment plant
Rural homes
Cropland
Factory
Animal feedlot
POINT SOURCES

63. Types of Water Pollution 1) Wastewater
Water that flows down the drain
What’s in it?
Where does it go? (out-of-sight, out-of-mind)
Is it harmful?
Can it be used?

64. Wastewater Treatment

66. 2) Eutrophication
Too many nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorous) in the water causes algal blooms and decreased oxygen in water
Causes “dead zones” in water
Little or no oxygen

67. Eutrophication

68. 3) Thermal Pollution Occurs when temperature of water rises rapidly
Power plants
Factories cooling equipment
Causes fish kills
Decreases oxygen in water

70. 4) Groundwater Pollution
Pollution that percolates down from land or surface water pollution
Fertilizers
Pesticides
Many leaking underground tanks

71. What would make groundwater pollution hard to clean up?

74. 5) Ocean Pollution Pollutants directly or indirectly put into oceans
Oil spills
Runoff
River pollution
Cruise Ships
Development along coasts
Increasingly a problem

76. Biomagnification
Buildup of pollutants at higher levels of the food chain
Damages an ecosystem

77. Cleaning Up Water Pollution
1969 Cuyahoga River in Cleveland caught fire
1972 Congress passes Clean Water Act
1970s Environmental Activism/Awareness

78. Cleaning Up Water Pollution
Clean Water Act of 1972 was to “restore and maintain the physical, chemical and biological integrity of the nation’s water.”
Fishable and Swimable
Better, but… still many polluted water bodies

80. How Does Nature Purify Water?
Wetlands
Aquifer

81. Section 3 Review
GOALS:
Compare point-sources and non-point sources of water pollution
Describe the 5 classifications of water pollution
Explain why it is difficult to clean up groundwater
What does the Clean Water Act do?
TERMS: water pollution, point-source, non-point source, wastewater, biomagnification, eutrophication, thermal pollution

82. Chapter 11 Review Describe where Earth’s water resources are located.
How is Earth’s water a limited resource?
How can we manage our water resources better?
What are the main causes and impacts of water pollution?

83. What does the future hold for water on planet Earth?
Climate Change?
Melting Glaciers?
Human Population rising?
Water Scarcity?