1. Chapter 14 WATER Resources
Mr. Manskopf
Notes can also be found at

2. Overarching Enduring Understandings
Water is a limited natural resource and we must be vigilant in our protection and conservation of this resource.

3. How many bodies of water can you identify/locate?
Is there more or less water on Earth today then there was 1 billion years ago?

4. Goals for Chapter 11…
Describe where Earth’s water resources are located.
How is Earth’s water a limited resource?
How can we manage our water resources better?
What are the main causes and impacts of water pollution?

5. Next time you take a drink, think about where that water might have been before.

6. Next time rain drops fall on you, think about where that water might have been just a few days ago.

7. Water is a powerful force on Earth’s surface

8. Water is critical to life…how long can you survive without it?

9. It is a precious resource we often take for granted

10. It is sacred to some : The Maya believed natural wells, such as the Xkeken cenote in Mexico's Yucatán, led to the underworld.

11. Why Does Ice Float?

12. Why is the ocean cool even when its 100 degrees out?

13. How Can Water Make It All The Way To The Top Of Trees

14. Water Is Unique Can’t live without
Takes long time to change temperature
Stays liquid over large range of temps.
Expands when freezes
Great at dissolving things
Commonly found as solid, liquid and gas

15. Section 1: Water Resources
GOALS:
Describe the location of water on Earth’s surface.
How does the water cycle “work?”
Explain why freshwater is a limited resource.
TERMS: surface water, river system, watershed, groundwater, aquifer, porosity, permeability, recharge zone, water cycle

16. Water Cycle

17. Water Cycle
The continual process by which water moves through living and nonliving parts of our world.
Solar Powered
Renewable Resource
“Steps” followed

18. Make up a story following a water molecule through the water cycle

19. Where is water found? 71% of earth is covered in water
97% of that is in oceans
Most of the remaining 3% fresh, mainly in ice caps and glaciers.

20. Why is water a limited resource?

21. Surface Water Fresh water on Earth’s land Rivers Lakes Streams Ponds
Critical for: drinking, transportation, waste removal, industry, food, farming, recreation
Delaware River
Where does all that water come from???

22. Watershed: an area of land that is drained by a single river
Bathtub analogy
How can a farmer in NY State Impact drinking water in Camden?
Who should set pollution laws LOCAL, SATE, FEDERAL?

24. Mississippi River Watershed is the largest in U.S.
How does a cattle farmer in Montana potentially impact a shrimp fisherman in Louisiana?
RIVER SYSTEM

25. Did You Know? The Mississippi River Basin covers 3 million square kilometers (1.2 million sq mi), making it the third largest watershed in the world. It drains 41% of the land area of the contiguous US.

26. World’s River Systems and Watershed

27. Groundwater

28. Groundwater
Water beneath Earth’s surface, located in rocks, sediment and soil
Camden’s tap water
How does it get there?
How can we use it?

29. Groundwater
What is a recharge zone?

30. Aquifer Underground rock formation containing water
Important source of water

32. Aquifers

34. Porosity How much space (pores) or holes found in rock
Where water can flow through
Porous rock can hold lots of water

37. Permeable vs. Impermeable
The ability of rock or soil to allow water to flow through it
Sand and gravel are permeable
Clay and blacktop are impermeable

38. Permeable vs. Impermeable

39. What is a geyser?

40. Section 1 REVIEW Describe the location of water on Earth’s surface.
How does the water cycle “work?”
Explain why freshwater is a limited resource.
TERMS: surface water, river system, watershed, groundwater, aquifer, porosity, permeability, recharge zone, water cycle

41. Section 2 : Water Use and Management
GOALS:
Identify how water is used in home, industry and agriculture.
Explain how and why water is treated before coming to your home.
Describe ways to increase water supplies
Identify ways to conserve water
TERMS: potable, pathogen, dam, reservoir, desalinization

42. Aylito Binayo's feet know the mountain
Aylito Binayo's feet know the mountain. Even at four in the morning she can run down the rocks to the river by starlight alone and climb the steep mountain back up to her village with 50 pounds of water on her back. She has made this journey three times a day for nearly all her 25 years. So has every other woman in her village of Foro, in the Konso district of southwestern Ethiopia. Binayo dropped out of school when she was eight years old, in part because she had to help her mother fetch water from the Toiro River. The water is dirty and unsafe to drink; every year that the ongoing drought continues, the once mighty river grows more exhausted. But it is the only water Foro has ever had.

43. According to the U.N., 1 billion people do not have access to clean, reliable fresh water

44. One third of all the people on Earth are affected by water shortages.

45. How Much Water Do You Use
Average person in U.S. uses about 80 gallons a day

46. What can you learn from this chart?

47. How Much Water Is Needed
Your water footprint

48. Making Water Safe Potable: safe to drink
Most water needs to be treated
Pathogens: organisms that cause diseases
Bacteria, viruses, worms

50. Uses of Water Industrial Water Use 19% of worldwide water use
Cooling power plants
To make “stuff”

52. Uses of Water Agriculture: 67% of worldwide water use
Irrigation: providing water to plants
80 gallons to produce 1 ear of corn
1 lb. beef = 1,000 gal.
LOTS OF WATER

53. Irrigation

54. Irrigation As much as 80% normally evaporates
Drip Irrigation, reduces that number greatly

55. Water Management Humans have altered water flow for thousands of years
Engineering
Dams, canals, pipes, towers bring water to where it is needed

57. California aqueduct brings water hundreds of miles, across deserts, mountains

58. Dams and Reservoirs Reservoir: an artificial lake often behind a dam
Flood control
Recreation
Supply water
Generate electricity

59. Pros and Cons of Dams Downstream cropland and
Large losses
of water through
evaporation
Flooded land destroys forests or cropland and
displaces people
Downstream flooding is reduced
Downstream cropland and
estuaries are deprived of
nutrient-rich silt
Reservoir is useful for recreation and fishing
Can produce cheap electricity (hydropower)
Migration and spawning of some fish are disrupted
Provides water
for year-round
irrigation of
cropland

60. Desalinization Removing salt from salt water Has a lot of promise
Very energy intensive
Very expensive
What to do with waste?
Future?

61. Water Conservation
Fastest, easiest way to increase water supplies is to use less water
Agriculture
Industry
At home
What are some ways you can conserve water?

62. Too Much Water: Floods
Natural Events: heavy rainfall, melting snow are major causes of flooding.
Floodplain: the natural area around a river where flooding normally occurs.

63. Too Much Water: Floods Flooding Worsens With Human Impacts:
Removing wetlands
Building levees
Making more land impermeable (development)

65. Section 2 Review
Identify how water is used in home, industry and agriculture.
Explain how and why water is treated before coming to your home.
Describe ways to increase water supplies
Identify ways to conserve water
TERMS: potable, pathogen, dam, reservoir, desalinization

66. Section 3: Water Pollution
GOALS:
Compare point-sources and non-point sources of water pollution
Describe the 5 classifications of water pollution
Explain why it is difficult to clean up groundwater
What does the Clean Water Act do?
TERMS: water pollution, point-source, non-point source, wastewater, biomagnification, eutrophication

67. Freshwater animals are vanishing faster than those on land or at sea.

68. Water Pollution and Health
WHO:
3.4 million premature deaths each year from waterborne diseases
1.9 million from diarrhea
U.S. 1.5 million illnesses
1993 Milwaukee 370,000 sick

69. What is Water Pollution?
Water Pollution: is the introduction of chemical, physical, or biological substances that affects organisms that depend upon it
Many types of water pollution

71. Point Source Pollution coming from one single place Leaking tanker
Pipe from a factory
Leaking underground storage tank
Can easily be ID and traced

72. Point Sources are usually easily identified

73. Non-Point Source
Comes from various sources that are hard to identify and may be spread over a large area
Runoff from farms
Runoff from cities
Hard to ID
Hard t o control
HUGE PROBLEM

74. How can a farmer in MT affect a shrimp farmer in Louisiana?
NON-Point

75. Types of Water Pollution 1) Wastewater
Water that flows down the drain
What’s in it?
Where does it go? (out-of-sight, out-of-mind)
Is it harmful?

76. Wastewater Treatment

77. 2) Eutrophication
Too many nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorous) in the water causes algal blooms and decreased oxygen in water
Causes “dead zones” in water
Little or no oxygen

78. 3) Thermal Pollution Occurs when temperature of water rises rapidly
Power plants
Factories cooling equipment
Causes fish kills
Decreases oxygen in water

79. 4) Groundwater Pollution
Pollution that percolates down from land or surface water pollution
Fertilizers, pesticides, leaking underground tanks
Many leaking underground tanks

80. What would make groundwater pollution hard to clean up?

81. 5) Ocean Pollution Pollutants directly or indirectly put into oceans
Oil spills
Runoff
River pollution
Cruise Ships
Development along coasts
Increasingly a problem

82. 6) Sediment Pollution
Unusually large amounts of sediment that change an aquatic environment
Sediment pollution results from erosion.
Can degrade water quality, cause photosynthesis rates to decline, and disrupt food webs

83. Cleaning Up Water Pollution
1969 Cuyahoga River in Cleveland caught fire
1972 Congress passes Clean Water Act
1970s Environmental Activism/Awareness

84. Cleaning Up Water Pollution
Clean Water Act of 1972 was to “restore and maintain the physical, chemical and biological integrity of the nation’s water.”
Fishable and Swim able
Better, but… still many polluted water bodies

85. Safe Drinking Water Act
54 countries have drinking water laws
SDWA passed 1974 requires EPA to set drinking water standards
Maximum Contaminating Levels (MCLs)