Psychology 203 Human Development Psychosocial Development in Adolescence Chapter 12 10/13/2005 Part taken from Human Development 9e

Search for Identity (Erikson) Identity – coherent conception of the self, made up of goals, values, and beliefs to which a person is solidly committed. Identity versus identity confusion – seeks to develop a coherent sense of self, including their role in society The desirable outcome of the crisis of adolescence, according to Erikson, is being able to see oneself as a unique person with a meaningful role in life 10/13/2005 Part taken from Human Development 9e

Search for Identity (Erikson) Identity forms as young people resolve three major issues: Choice of occupation Adoption of values to believe in and live by Development of satisfying sexual identity (Erikson has a male orientation) 10/13/2005 Part taken from Human Development 9e

Identity Statuses (James Marcia) Identity Achievement Crisis leading to commitment Foreclosure Commitment without crisis Moratorium Crisis with no commitment yet Identity Diffusion No Commitment, no crisis 10/13/2005 Part taken from Human Development 9e

Gender Differences Identity Formation Identity and intimacy develop together (Erikson) The female sense of self development is through establishing relationships (Brown & Gilligan) Self-esteem develops in the context of relationship with same sex peers (both males and females) 10/13/2005 Part taken from Human Development 9e

Ethnic Factors in Identity Acceptance of ethnicity is critical for identity Diffused No exploration or understanding Foreclosed No exploration by clear feelings Moratorium Beginning exploration but confused Achieved Explored, understanding and acceptance 10/13/2005 Part taken from Human Development 9e

Part taken from Human Development 9e Sexual Orientation Focus of consistent sexual, romantic, and affectionate interest, either heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual. Sex hormones in a fetus between second and fifth months (Ellis 1987) Female hormones – attracted to males after puberty Male hormones – attracted to females after puberty 10/13/2005 Part taken from Human Development 9e

Part taken from Human Development 9e Sexual Behavior Heterosexual Activity Sexual intercourse by age 18 (1999 study) Girls 65% Boys 68% Sex with more then one partner Age 15-19 girls never married 63% Age 15-19 boys never married 75% Oral sex and mutual masturbation are not regarded as sexual activity 10/13/2005 Part taken from Human Development 9e

Sexual Behavior Homosexual Identity and behavior Development Model Age 8-11 Awareness of same-sex attraction Ages 12-15 Same-sex sexual behaviors Ages 15-18 Identification of gay or lesbian Ages 17-19 Disclosure to others Ages 18-20 Development of same-sex romantic relationships 10/13/2005 Part taken from Human Development 9e

Sexual Behavior Sexual Risk Taking STD’s – Sexually transmitted diseases More likely to take risks Socioeconomic ally disadvantaged communities Substance use Antisocial behavior Deviant peer association Less Likely to take risks Elementary grades school achievement Elementary grades school positive social skills 10/13/2005 Part taken from Human Development 9e

Sexual Behavior Early Sexual Activity 10/13/2005 Part taken from Human Development 9e

Sexual Behavior Contraceptive Use Sexually active girl not using contraceptive has 90% chance of pregnancy within a year. Condoms best protection against both STD and pregnancy. “No” evidence that education about condom use increased sexual activity 10/13/2005 Part taken from Human Development 9e

Sexual Behavior Sex Information Most teenagers get information from media. Associating sex with: Fun Excitement Competition Danger Violence Rarely showing risks of unprotected sex 10/13/2005 Part taken from Human Development 9e

Sexual Behavior Sexually Transmitted Diseases 3 million teenagers – one in four in US contact STD’s One in three cases of STDs occurs among adolescents A girls Single unprotected sexual encounter with infected partner runs: 1% risk HIV 30% risk genital herpes 50% risk gonorrhea 10/13/2005 Part taken from Human Development 9e

Sexual Behavior Teenage Pregnancy 10% of all US births are from teenagers Teenage birthrates in US lowest in six decades Decrease in sexual activity Increase use of contraceptives Teenage mother are likely to: Drop out of school Repeated pregnancies Lack maturity Lack parenting skills Lack social support Teenage pregnancy is generational. Their children are likely to repeat their parents 10/13/2005 Part taken from Human Development 9e

Adolescence Relationships Powerful bonding agent in adolescence is age. Spend more time with peers, less with family Fundamental values remain closer to parents Look to peers for companionship and intimacy Look to parents for “secure base” 10/13/2005 Part taken from Human Development 9e

Adolescence Rebellion One in five adolescents Emotional turmoil Family conflict Alienation from adult society Reckless behavior Rejection of adults’ values In western cultures adolescence can be difficult time Depression Risky behavior are more common in adolescence the any other life span. 10/13/2005 Part taken from Human Development 9e

Adolescence Discretionary Time More discretionary time, more time for peer socialization Technologically advanced societies Less discretionary time, less time for peer socialization Tribal or peasant societies 10/13/2005 Part taken from Human Development 9e

Adolescents and Parents Adolescents feel tension between dependency on parents and need to break away. Parents have same tension Giving adolescents enough independence while protecting them from immature lapses in judgment. 10/13/2005 Part taken from Human Development 9e

Adolescents and Parents Adolescents increasingly take a more leadership role in one-on-one conversations with parents Mature toward autonomy but still look of parents for: Comfort Support Advice 10/13/2005 Part taken from Human Development 9e

Adolescents and Parents Parental conflict increases with increased autonomy Conflict decreases in late adolescence because of adjustments to changes and renegotiation of balance of power 10/13/2005 Part taken from Human Development 9e

Adolescents and Parents Parenting Styles Authoritative parenting seems to work the best Overly strict authoritarian is counterproductive Authoritative parents insist on: Rules Norms Values Willingness to listen, explain and negotiate 10/13/2005 Part taken from Human Development 9e

Adolescents and Parents Parenting Styles Strict parents have fewer behavior problems Adolescents develop Self-control Self-discipline Good study habits Good personal habits 10/13/2005 Part taken from Human Development 9e

Adolescents and Parents Family Structure and Mothers Employment No difference in family structure or mothers employment as long as they have close and consistent supervision 10/13/2005 Part taken from Human Development 9e

Adolescents and Parents Economic Stress Adolescent development is hindered by lack of money Economic stress on the parents is the major problem Can be overcome if parents have social support 10/13/2005 Part taken from Human Development 9e

Adolescents and Siblings Adolescents begin to separate from family spending less time with them, more time with peers Less emotional gratification Less closeness Less sibling influence Separation from sibling complete by age 12 10/13/2005 Part taken from Human Development 9e

Part taken from Human Development 9e Adolescents and Peers Seek emotional support from peers also going through like changes Rapid physical changes Challenging adult standards Challenging parental authority challenging parents adequacy Peer influence is strongest in early adolescents, ages 12-13 10/13/2005 Part taken from Human Development 9e

Adolescents and Peers Popularity Five peer status groups Popular Rejected – largest adjustment problems Boys are aggressive, antisocial Girls are shy, isolated, unhappy and low self-image Neglected – more boys then girls Controversial Boys are aggressive and antisocial but leaders Girls are snobbish, arrogant and form cliques Average 10/13/2005 Part taken from Human Development 9e

Adolescents and Peers Friendships Friendship are based on: Choice Commitment More unstable than family relationships Select friends who are like them Genetic factors are the largest influence in selecting friends Intensity and importance of friendship are grater that any other time in lifespan 10/13/2005 Part taken from Human Development 9e

Adolescents in Trouble Parents often worry about teenagers “falling in with the wrong crowd” Parent upbringing major influence of choice of peer groups and friends. Gravitate to others brought up like themselves Parents, in early years, shape social behavior by whether thy meet children’s basic emotional needs. 10/13/2005 Part taken from Human Development 9e

Adolescents in Trouble Chronic delinquents Parents did not reinforced for good behavior Parents are harsh or inconsistent in punishing misbehavior Parents not closely or positively involved in their children’s lives Parents give payoffs for antisocial behavior by giving: Gain attention Get their own way 10/13/2005 Part taken from Human Development 9e

Adolescents in Trouble Preventing and Treating Juvenile delinquency has roots in early childhood so must preventive efforts Preventive programs from first through sixth grades Delinquency peeks at age 15 Most grow out of it with maturity 10/13/2005 Part taken from Human Development 9e

Adolescents in Trouble Preventing and Treating Effective programs Individual risks and environmental conditions Focus on building skills and competencies Parent effectiveness training Improve school’s social climate 10/13/2005 Part taken from Human Development 9e

Adolescents in Trouble Preventing and Treating Older students Reduce exposure to high-risk setting Adult monitoring after school, weekends, and summers 10/13/2005 Part taken from Human Development 9e