© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Modern System The Emergence of the World System Industrialization Stratification The World System Today

© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Emergence of the World System –World system shaped by world capitalist economy –3 political and economic specialization positions Core Semiperiphery Periphery Modern world system – global system in which nations are economically and politically interdependent

© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 3 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Capitalist world economy – single world system committed to production for sale or exchange, with the object of maximizing profits rather than supplying domestic needs Wallerstein’s World System Theory –Capital – wealth or resources invested in business, with the intent of producing a profit

© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 4 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Immanuel Wallerstein

© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 5 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Core nations – strongest and most powerful nations Wallerstein’s World System Theory –Technologically advanced, capital- intensive products produced and exported to the semiperiphery and the periphery Semiperiphery nations – industrialized Third World nations –Lack power and economic dominance of core nations

© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 6 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Periphery nations – nations whose economic activities are less mechanized Wallerstein’s World System Theory –Primarily concerned with exporting raw materials and agricultural goods to core and semiperiphery nations –Telecommunications allows well-educated workers in such low-wage countries as India to compete with skilled U.S. workers

© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 7 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Core, Semiperiphery, Periphery Copyright © 2008 Palgrave Macmillan Ltd.

© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 8 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. –European industrialization developed from domestic system of manufacture Industrialization Industrial Revolution – historic transformation (in Europe, after 1750) of “traditional” into “modern” societies through industrialization of the economy

© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 9 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Domestic Manufacture

© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 10 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Causes of the Industrial Revolution –Widely used goods whose manufacture could be broken down into simple routines that machines could perform Began in cotton production, iron, and potter trades

© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 11 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Sugarcane Plantation

© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 12 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Cotton Plantation

© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 13 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Cotton Plantation

© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 14 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Industrial Stratification Initially industrialization in England raised the overall standard of living Factory owners soon began to recruit cheap labor from among the poorest populations.

© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 15 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Location of England (United Kingdom)

© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 16 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Industrial Stratification –Bourgeoisie – owned means of production –Working class (proletariat) – had to sell labor to survive –Proletarianization – separation of workers form the means of production Marx saw trend as expression of fundamental capitalist opposition: bourgeoisie (capitalists) versus proletariat (propertyless workers)

© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 17 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Children in Industrial Revolution

© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 18 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Children in Industrial Revolution

© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 19 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Cheapest Labour

© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 20 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Industrial Stratification –Class consciousness – recognition of collective interests and personal identification with one’s economic group –Viewed classes a powerful collective forces that could mobilize human energies to influence history Marx

© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 21 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Class Consciousness

© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 22 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Industrial Stratification –Developed model with three main factors contributing to socioeconomic stratification: Wealth (economic status) Power (political status) Prestige (social status) Weber argued that Marx’s model was oversimplified

© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 23 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Stratification With modification, combination of Marxian and Weberian models can describe modern capitalist world Growing middle class and existence of peripheries within core nations complicate issue beyond the vision of Marx or Weber

© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 24 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. China Core & Periphery

© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 25 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Nike relied heavily on Asian labor in Vietnam, Indonesia, China, Thailand, and Pakistan for shoe labor Asian Factory Women –Most factory workers women between 15 and 18 years old –Female workers had to wear uniforms –Harsh physical conditions –Vietnamese workers adopted union tactics, including strikes, work stoppages, and slowdowns

© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 26 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Location of Malaysia and Vietnam

© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 27 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Maquiladoras

© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 28 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Young Maquila Workers

© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 29 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The World System Today –Historic contacts –Linkages –Power differentials World system theory stresses existence of a global culture

© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 30 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The World System Today –Imperialism – policy of extending rule of a nation or empire over foreign nations and of taking and holding foreign colonies –Colonialism – political, social, economic, and cultural domination of territory and its people by foreign power for extended period of time After 1879, European business a concerted search for markets

© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 31 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 32 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 33 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The World System Today Mass production gave rise to a culture of overconsumption –Acquisitiveness –Conspicuous consumption The spread of industrialization and overconsumption takes place from core to periphery

© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 34 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Industrial Degradation –Expansion of world system often accompanied by genocide, ethnocide, and ecocide Industrial Revolution greatly accelerated encompassment of world by states, all but eliminating previous cultural adaptations

© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 35 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 36 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The World System in 2000

© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 37 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Energy Consumption in Selected Countries, 2002